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Cells and Their Environment
Objectives:1. Relate concentration gradients, diffusion,
and equilibrium.2. Describe the importance of ion channels
in passive transport3. Identify the role of carrier proteins in
facilitated diffusion
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Passive Transport
Passive Transport: is movement across the cell membrane that does not require energy form the cell. Particles move along their concentration gradient. Does not require energy.
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Concentration Gradient and Equilibrium
Concentration Gradient: A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.
Equilibrium: is a condition in which the concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space.
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Diffusion
Diffusion: The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
If diffusion is allowed to continue, equilibrium will result.
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OsmosisOsmosis: is the diffusion of water
through a selectively permeable membrane along its concentration gradient.
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The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the relative concentrations of free water molecules in the cytoplasm and in the fluid outside the cell
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Hypertonic
Hypertonic: is when the fluid outside the cell has a higher concentration of dissolved particles.
Water moves out of the cell and into the surrounding solution.
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Hypotonic
Hypotonic: The fluid outside the cell has a lower concentration of dissolved solutes than inside the cell.
Water moves into the cell.
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Isotonic
Isotonic: When there is no net water movement because there is the same concentration of water on both sides of the membrane.
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Facilitated Diffusion
Uses carrier proteins embedded in the membrane to transports specific substances, such as amino acids and sugars, down their concentration gradients.
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Active Transport: Transportation of a substance against its concentration gradient, requiring the cell to use ATP!
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Example of Active TransportThe Sodium-Potassium Pump
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Endocytosis
Endocytosis: The cell membrane forms a pouch around a substance, that closes up and pinches off to form a vesicle.
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Exocytosis
Exocytosis: The movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of cell
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Membrane Receptor Proteins
Receptor Protein: is a protein that binds to a specific signal molecule, enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule