Download - Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)
![Page 1: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)
![Page 2: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Energy Plants, algae & some bacteria Convert radiant energy (sun) into
chemical energy (glucose)
![Page 4: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Harvest Energy All activities an organism performs
requires energy
![Page 5: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Catabolism Enzymes break down substances Harvest energy from C-H bonds Or other chemical bonds
Organic compounds + oxygen ⇨ Carbon Dioxide + water +
energy
![Page 6: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration Chemical energy is harvested
from food Presence of oxygen Anaerobic respiration Process occurs without oxygen Fermentation
![Page 7: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Anaerobic Glucose to lactate (muscle cells) Glucose to alcohol (yeast cells) Does not yield as much energy
![Page 8: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cellular respiration
![Page 9: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
![Page 10: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cellular Respiration Exergonic -686kcal/mole (-2,870kJ/mole) Redox reaction Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced Energy stored in glucose makes ATP 38 ATP generated ATP stores energy for use in cellular
functions
![Page 11: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vocabulary (Cell respire) NAD/NADH FAD ETC Phosphorylation Chemiosmosis ATP Synthase
![Page 12: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
NAD & NADH NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+ oxidized form NADH reduced form NAD+ traps electrons from glucose Function as energy carrier
![Page 13: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
NAD & NADH Dehydrogenase (enzyme) Removes a pair of hydrogen atoms
from glucose Transfers one proton and 2
electrons to NAD+
H-C-OH + NAD+ ⇨ -C=O + NADH + H+
Used to make ATP
![Page 14: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NAD & NADH
![Page 15: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide Transfers electrons
![Page 16: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Electron transport chain Located inner membrane of
mitochondria Plasma membrane (prokaryotes) Series of molecules (mostly
proteins)
![Page 17: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Electron transport chain Electrons fall to oxygen In a series of energy releasing
steps High potential energy to low Energy released generates ATP
![Page 18: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Electron transport chain
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Controlledrelease ofenergy for
synthesis ofATP
2 H+ + 2 e–
2 H + 1/2 O2
(from food via NADH)
ATP
ATP
ATP
1/2 O22 H+
2 e–E
lectron
transp
ort
chain
H2O
![Page 19: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Phosphorylation Addition of a phosphate group to a
molecule ATP is formed by a
phosphorylation reaction 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation 2. Oxidative phosphorylation
![Page 20: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Substrate phosphorylation Enzyme transfers
a phosphate from a organic substrate molecule
ADP to make ATP Direct formation Glycolysis and
Krebs cycle
![Page 21: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Oxidation phosphorylation Energy from
electron transport chain
Synthesis ATP Adds an
inorganic phosphate to ADP
![Page 22: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Chemiosmosis Energy-coupling mechanism Energy stored in hydrogen ion
gradient across membrane Makes ATP from ADP
![Page 23: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ATP Synthase Enzyme helps make ATP Located in membrane Changes ADP to ATP Uses energy from a proton
gradient across membrane
![Page 24: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Reactions---Cell respire Glycolysis Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) Electron transport chain (oxidative
phosphorylation)
![Page 25: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cellular respiration
![Page 27: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Glycolysis Happens in cytoplasm Starts with glucose Yields 2 pyruvate (3 carbons)
molecules, 4 ATP (net of 2 ATP) & 2 NADH
10 enzyme catalyzed reactions to complete
![Page 29: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Glycolysis Part one (priming) First 5 reactions are endergonic 2 ATP molecules attach 2
phosphate groups to the glucose Produces a 6 carbon molecule
with 2 high energy phosphates attached
![Page 30: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Glycolysis Part two (cleavage reactions) 6 carbon molecule is split into 2 3-carbon molecules each with a
phosphate (G3P)
![Page 31: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Glycolysis Part three (energy harvesting
reactions) In two reactions 2- G3P molecules
are changed to pyruvate 4 ATP molecules are made (net of
2) An energy rich hydrogen is
harvested as NADH (2NADH)
![Page 32: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Glycolysis Every living organism can carry
out glycolysis Occur in aerobic & anaerobic Does not require oxygen Oxygen present the Krebs cycle
will begin
![Page 33: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fig. 9-9-1
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase1
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase1
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
![Page 34: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fig. 9-9-2
Hexokinase
ATP
ADP
1
Phosphoglucoisomerase2
Phosphogluco-isomerase
2
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
![Page 35: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
1
Fig. 9-9-3
Hexokinase
ATP
ADP
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Phosphofructokinase
ATP
ADP
2
3
ATP
ADP
Phosphofructo-kinase
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
1
2
3
Fructose-6-phosphate
3
![Page 36: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fig. 9-9-4
Glucose
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
ADP
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Isomerase
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
1
2
3
4
5
Aldolase
Isomerase
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
4
5
![Page 37: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fig. 9-9-52 NAD+
NADH2
+ 2 H+
2
2 P i
Triose phosphatedehydrogenase
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6
2 NAD+
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Triose phosphatedehydrogenase
NADH2
+ 2 H+
2 P i
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6
2
2
![Page 38: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fig. 9-9-62 NAD+
NADH2
Triose phosphatedehydrogenase
+ 2 H+
2 P i
2
2 ADP
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerokinase2 ATP
2 3-Phosphoglycerate
6
7
2
2 ADP
2 ATP
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycero-kinase
2
7
![Page 39: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fig. 9-9-7
3-Phosphoglycerate
Triose phosphatedehydrogenase
2 NAD+
2 NADH+ 2 H+
2 P i
2
2 ADP
Phosphoglycerokinase
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ATP
3-Phosphoglycerate2
Phosphoglyceromutase
2-Phosphoglycerate2
2-Phosphoglycerate2
2
Phosphoglycero-mutase
6
7
8
8
![Page 40: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fig. 9-9-82 NAD+
NADH2
2
2
2
2
+ 2 H+
Triose phosphatedehydrogenase2 P i
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ADP
2 ATP
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglyceromutase
Enolase
2-Phosphoglycerate
2 H2O
Phosphoenolpyruvate
9
8
7
6
2 2-Phosphoglycerate
Enolase
2
2 H2O
Phosphoenolpyruvate
9
![Page 41: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fig. 9-9-9
Triose phosphatedehydrogenase
2 NAD+
NADH2
2
2
2
2
2
2 ADP
2 ATP
Pyruvate
Pyruvate kinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Enolase2 H2O
2-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglyceromutase
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP
2 ADP
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
+ 2 H+
6
7
8
9
10
2
2 ADP
2 ATP
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate kinase
2 Pyruvate
10
2 P i
![Page 42: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate is changed into acetyl-
CoA First carboxyl group is removed Leaves as carbon dioxide 2 carbon molecule called acetate
remains
![Page 43: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase Multienzyme complex Combines acetate (acetyl group)
with a coenzyme called coenzyme A.
Product is acetyl-CoA Plus one NADH
![Page 44: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase Largest known enzyme 60 subunits Process occurs within mitochondria Acetyl-CoA is end product of the
break down of fats and proteins too
![Page 45: Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/568133f9550346895d9aee29/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Fig. 9-10
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION
NAD+ NADH + H+
2
1 3
Pyruvate
Transport protein
CO2Coenzyme A
Acetyl CoA