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Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Unit 3
Chapter 8
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Different ways of transporting materials across a cell membrane
1. Passive transport1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis: water diffusion
3. Facilitated transport
2. Active transport
3. Exocytosis
4. Endocytosis
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Cells in isotonic solutions
Cell loses and gains water at an equal rate.
Net change to cell = nothing
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Isotonic solution
Not ideal for plant cells because the cells become flaccid (limp)
Ideal for animal cells or cells without cell walls
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Cells in a hypotonic solution
More water moves into the cell than moves out.
Net change = cell mass increases
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Hypotonic solution
Ideal for plant cell where the cell becomes turgid (swollen)
Not ideal for animal cells where the cell lyses (bursts)
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Cells in a hypertonic solution
More water moves out of the cell than moves in
Net change = cell mass decreases
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Hypertonic solution
Not ideal for any cell Both shrink.
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Passive transport
Movement of materials across a cell membrane in the direction of higher concentration to lower concentration
No ATP energy required
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Passive transport by proteins
Facilitated transport
Movement of chemicals down a chemical gradient (from high to low concentration) through a protein
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Passive transport
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Channel vs. carrier proteins
Click on image to view video.
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Active transport
Requires energy to move substances across the membrane against the concentration gradient (from lower to higher concentration)
Click on image to view video.
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Exocytosis: transport of large particles out of cell
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Endocytosis: transport of large particles inside of a cell
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Cell reproduction: making new cells by a process called cell division
Cell cycle: sequence of growth and division of a cell
Step 1: Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Step 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis (M)
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Eukaryotic chromosome structure
Double helix coiled and twisted into a condensed structure
Bacterial DNA differs in that it is circular and not linear.
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Step 1: Interphase
Grows in size Copies DNA
Each chromosome makes a copy, and the two resulting chromosomes are joined at the centromere.
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Step 2: Mitosis (nuclear division)
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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Prophase: spindle fibers extend, nuclear membrane disintegrates
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Metaphase: chromosomes aligned along the middle
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Anaphase: chromosomes pulled apart when spindle fibers become shorter
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Telophase: two nucleus form at each pole of the cell
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Cytokinesis: forming two daughter cells identical to the parent cell Animal cells:
cell pinches down the middle
Plant cells: cell plate forms to make new cell wall
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Onion root tip showing phases of mitosis
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The cell cycle
Click on image to view video.