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Cement Types
Type Use C3S C2S C3A C4AF Comments
I general 45-55 20-30 8-12 6-10 no limits on 4 principal components
II general/
mod sulfate resistance/
mod heat of hydration
III high early strength
IV low heat of hydration
V high sulfate resistance
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New Performance-based Specification for
Portland Cements
ASTM C 1157 Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
Type GU General use
Type HE High-early strength
Type MS Moderate sulfate resistance
Type HS High sulfate resistance
Type MH Moderate heat of hydration
Type LH Low heat of hydration
Option R Low reactivity with alkali-reactive aggregates
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Other Cement Types
• Type IA, Type IIA, Type IIA
• Blended cements (e.g., Types IP, IS, ISM, IIP, IIS, etc)
• White portland cement
• Masonry cement
• Expansive cements
• Calcium aluminate cements
• Rapid setting cements
• Oil well cements
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Microstructure
Solids
• C-S-H
• CH
• Ettringite
• Monosulfate hydrate
• Residual unhydrated cement
Voids
• Entrapped air (>1mm)
• Entrained air (75-500um
• Capillary pores (macro →
meso)
• Interlayer space (micropores)
Water
• Capillary water
• Adsorbed water
• Interlayer water
• Chemically combined water
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Microstructure
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Solids
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Interfacial Transition Zone
The ITZ is the region 10-50um
wide around coarse aggregate;
characterized by:
• Higher local porosity
• Greater density of pre-
existing microcracks
• Larger CH crystals that tend
to be oriented and more prone
to cleavage.
WEAK link in concrete!
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By tailoring the concrete mixture to reduce the influence of the
ITZ, strength, E, and impermeability are increased.
• lower w/c
• higher cement content
• use of SCMs
• smaller MSA
• reactive dolomitic aggregate
• lightweight aggregate
• extended moist curing
Interfacial Transition Zone