Download - Ch. 1 An introduction to chemistry
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An introduction to Chemistry
Textbook: Baker
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What is chemistry? Why should we study
it?Section 1.1
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Chemistry is the study of the structure and behavior of matter
Chemistry
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Chemistry allows you to◦ Ask questions
Questions about how the natural world works & why◦ Answer questions
Answer the same questions you posed◦ Solve problems
Mechanical, Technical and Social problems can be elucidated
Why Chem can do for you?
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Scientific methodSection 1.2 – 1.3
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Observation and Research
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Formulate a Hypothesis
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Systematic Research or Experimentation
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Refine hypothesis
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Record Results
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Search for useful Application
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Scientific Method
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Measurements and units
The properties of matter must be measured correctly and reported without ambiguity. Section 1.4
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Value- A quantities description that includes both a number and a unit
Units- quantities defined by standards that people have agreed to use to compare one event/object to another
Breakdown of Measurement
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The Customary system was based on:◦ Inch (unit) = width of average thumb (standard)◦ Foot = typical length of an adult foot (which
varied) Metric system
◦ Created by the French in the 18th Century◦ Consistent and systematic set of standards
Old v. New Measurement
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Meter (Greek metron, “a measure”) ◦ Originally one ten-millionth of the distance from
the North pole to the equator◦ Today it is defined as the distance light travels in
1/299,792,458 second
Evolution of the Metric System
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A modern elaboration of the original metric system, was set up in 1960
Base units- Units from which all other units are derived
International System
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Many properties can not be described directly with one of the seven SI base units◦ Volume- Length cubed (cubic meters)
A meter is often inconveniently large◦ A liter (L) is 1/1000 of a meter
1 L = or L = 1
SI Units Derived from Base Units
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Illustration
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SI base units and derived units are not always a convenient size for making measurements◦ A way deriving new units that are larger and
smaller has been developed Scientist attach prefixes to base units which multiply
and divide a base unit by a power of 10
SI Units Derived from Metric Prefixes
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Kilometer = meter◦ Kilo = (3,000)
To abbreviate combine abbreviated prefix with abbreviated unit◦ Kilo is k◦ Meter is m ◦ 1 km =
Examples
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Table of Prefixes
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Range of Lengths
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Range of Volume
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Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Weight is a measure of the force of gravitational attraction between it and a significantly large body
Mass and Volume
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An objects weight on the surface of a celestial body (i.e. Earth) depends on its mass and on the distance between it and the center of a celestial body.
Mass is also defined as the property of matter that leads to gravitational attractions between objects; this always gives rise to weight
In SI system mass is described by units such as kilogram, milligram and gram
Mass’s Relationship with Earth
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Mass is a constant and will remain the same As the distance between an object and its
celestial body increases its weight decreases◦ Weight is actually the measure of the force of
gravitational attraction for a body, it can be described with force units SI unit newton, N
Weight is not really a concern of Chemist, therefor it won’t be mentioned much in Chemistry
Weight v. Mass
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Range of Mass
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Temperature- measure of the average motion of particles in a system
3 most common Units of Measurement◦ Celsius
0 is freezing point of 100 is the boiling point◦ Fahrenheit
32 is freezing point of ; 212 is the boiling point◦ Kelvin
0 K is absolute zero; which is the lowest possible temperature
Temperature
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The temperature of an object is a measure of the degree of motion of its particles◦ As the motion decreases; the temperature of an
object decreases Absolute zero is the point beyond which the
motion of the particles, and therefor the temperature cannot be decreased◦ Therefor all Kelvin temperatures are positive
Deeper look at Kelvin
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Temperature
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Reporting Values and measurements
Section 1.5
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Precision describes how closely a series of measurements of the same object resemble each other◦ The closer the measurements the more precise
Accuracy describes how closely a measured value approaches the true value of the property
ALL calculations have an uncertainty of unless stated otherwise
Accuracy and Precision
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Sometimes it is necessary to use trailing zeros to show the uncertainty
The accuracy or uncertainty are often showed on the device of measuring
Reporting Measurements
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1. Define all of the terms in the chapter2. Describe how science is general is done3. Use the SI base units and their abbreviations to
describe length, mass, time, temperature, and volume4. Describe the relationship between liters and cubic
meters5. State the numbers of fractions represented by the
following metric prefixes, and write their abbreviations: gigi, mega, kilo, centi, milli, micro, nano, and pico
6. Describe the relationships between the metric units that do not have prefixes (such as meter, gram, and liter) and units derived from them by the addition of prefixes.
Assignment and Objectives