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Introduction to Nervous system
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Organization of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)Protected by:
Brain Meninges
Spinal Cord CSF
Bones (skull and vertebral column)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Not protected by bone. More vulnerable to injury (crushing/cutting).
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Associated Ganglia
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Peripheral Nervous System
1. Spinal nerves: 31 pairs
2. Cranial nerves: 12 pairs
3. Autonomic nerves
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
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Central Nervous System
The entire CNS is surrounded by Meninges
and suspended in the Cerebrospinal fluid.
Dura mater the outermost and thickest layer
Arachnoid mater the middle layer
Pia mater only a few cells thick this
conforms to the contours of the surface of the
brain and spinal cord
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Associated Spaces of CNS
Epidural
Between the dura mater and the skull/vertebrae
Subdural
Between the dura and arachnoid
Subarachnoid
Between the arachnoid and pia. This is wherethe CSF flows.
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Basic Structures of CNS
Gray matterIs composed ofneuronal cell bodies (nerve cells) embeddedin neuroglia in the cortex of the brain.
White matterIs composed ofglial cells and neuronal axons (nerve fibers)
embedded in neuroglia in the central area of the brain.
NeuronIs composed of a large numbers ofexcitable nerve cells
and their processes.
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Basic Structures of CNS
Glial cells or Neuroglia
Specialized tissues for supporting the Neurons and other
specific functions.
NeuralPertaining to the nervous system and includes neurons and
glia
Neuronal
Only pertaining to neurons.
Nucleus
A group of neurons in the CNS.
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Cells of the Nervous System
Glial cells Neurons
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cells
5.Shcwann cells
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CNS Ventricles
It is filled w/ CSF produced by choroid plexus.
It includesLateral Ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
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CNS Ventricles
Interventricular Foramina
connects the Lateral and Third Ventricles
at the level ofDiencephalon.
Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects Third and Fourth Ventricles atthe level ofMidbrain. It is a narrow cavity.
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Ventricular System
L V L V
3rd
Lateral Ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Central Canal
4th
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Primary Division of CNS
Forebrain
Cerebrum: telencephalon
DiencephalonMidbrain:mesencephalon
Hindbrain: rhombencephalon
Pons and Cerebellum: metenecephalonMedulla oblongata: myelencephalon
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Development of the Brain
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Brain vesicles and their adult derivativesPrimary vesicle Secondary vesicle Adult derivatives
Prosencephalon
(forebrain)
Telencephalon Cerebral hemispheres,Basal ganglia(except
Globus pallidus)
Diencephalon Epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus,
hypothalamus, penial gland, globus pallidus
Mesencephalon
(midbrain)
Mesencehalon Midbrain
Rhombencephalon
(hindbrain)
Metencephalon Pons & Cerebellum
Mylencephalon Medulla oblangata
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Central Nervous System
BrainBrainstem
Cerebrum Midbrain
Diencephalon Pons
Cerebellum Medulla
Spinal cord segmentsCervical Sacral
Thoracic CoccygealLumbar
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Anatomical Classification of Nervous System
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Spinal Cord
Runs from the medulla
oblongata to L1/L2 in
the adult.
Conus Medullaris
the conical end of the
spinal cord at L1/L2.
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Spinal Cord
Filum Terminalethe extension of the piamater than runs from
the conus medullaris tothe coccyx
Cauda equinaconsists of roots belowthe level of the conusmedullaris
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Spinal Roots
Motor or sensory
These are part of the
CNS
They attach to the
spinal cord by rootlets
at one end and join to
form the spinal nerves
(part of the PNS) at the
other end
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Motor and Sensory Roots
Motor Roots
The cell bodies are inthe anterior horns of
the spinal cord
They always enter
the anterior of thespinal cord
Sensory Roots
The cell bodies are inthe posterior root
ganglion (PRG) inthe PNS
They always enterthe posterior of thespinal cord
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Spinal Nerves
The joining of the motor and sensory roots
forms the spinal nerve.
This immediately splits into posterior andanterior rami.
The roots are in the CNS, the nerves are in the
PNS.
They exit the vertebral column through the
intervertebral foramina.
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Spinal Nerves
31 pairs
Cervical -8
Thoracic -12
Lumbar -5
Sacral -5
Coccygeal-1
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Ganglia
Bundles ofneuronal cells bodies in the
peripheral nervous system
Found in the autonomic nervous system, at
the posterior of the spinal cord and in some
cranial nerves (V, VII, VIII, IXand X).
5, 7, 8, 9, 10
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Spinal Cord Cross Section
Contains the peripherally located anterior,
posterior and lateral white columns
Anterior and posterior horns bilaterally
Gray commissures that connect the horns,and a central canal containing CSF
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Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
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Medulla Oblongata
A part of theHindbrain andBrainstem
conduit forascending and
descending nervefibers; containsmany nuclei .
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Pons
A part of the Hindbrainand Brainstem.
Connects the twocerebellar hemispheres.
Contains many nuclei,
ascending anddescending nerve fibers.
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Cerebellum
Two hemispheres connected byvermis. A part ofHindBrain.
Superior cerebellar peduncleconnects cerebellum to themidbrain.
middle cerebellar peduncleconnects cerebellum to pons.
inferior cerebellar peduncleconnects cerebellum to themedulla.
Cortex of cerebellum consists of
gray matter. Gray matter masses found
inside cerebellar white matterare called nucleidentate isthe largest.
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Midbrain
A part of the
Brainstem
Connects forebrain
to hindbrain
Contains cerebral
aqueduct
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Diencephalon
A part of Forebrain
Thalamusdorsal
Hypothalamusventral
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Cerebrum
A part ofForebrain
Corpus Callosum
connects the two
cerebral hemispheres
Falx cerebri
separates the two
cerebral hemispheres
Cortexcomposed of gray
matter
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Cerebrum
Longitudinal Fissure:separates the twohemispheres
Gyri: folds
Sulci: fissures
Basal nuclei
gray matter in the central coreof white matter
Gray matter
on the outside of the Internal
Capsule White mater
on the inside of the InternalCapsule
Corona radiata
White fibers that pass thefibers from the cerebral cortexto the brainstem
Internal capsule
Corona radiata that passesbetween the basal nuclei
Caudate nucleus
on the medial side the InternalCapsule
Lentiform nucleuson the lateral side of theInternal Capsule
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Cerebrum
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Cerebrum
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