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Ch. 24 – Interactions of LifeCh. 24 – Interactions of Life
Sec. 3 – Interactions within CommunitiesSec. 3 – Interactions within Communities
77thth Grade Science Grade Science
SaintSaint
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Objectives
• Describe how organisms obtain energy for life.
• Explain how organisms interact.
• Recognize that every organism occupies a niche.
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Energy
Living organisms need a constant supply of energy.
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Energy
All of Earth’s energy comes from the Sun.
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Photosynthesis
Some organisms use the Sun’s energy to create energy rich molecules through a process called photosynthesis.
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Product of Photosynthesis
• Energy rich molecules, usually sugars, serve as food. They are made up of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms.
• Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the atoms. When the bond is broken, energy is released to fuel life processes.
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Photosynthesis
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Producers
A producer is an organism that
uses an outside energy source like the Sun to make
energy-rich molecules.
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Producers contain chlorophyll
Most producers contain chlorophyll, a chemical that is required for photosynthesis.
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Green Plants
• Green plants are producers
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Chemosynthesis
• Some producers make energy-rich molecules through a process called chemosynthesis.– These organisms are found
near volcanic vents in the ocean floor. Inorganic molecules in the water provide the energy source for chemosynthesis.
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Hydrothermal Vents
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Tubeworms
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Consumer
• A consumer is an organism that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms.
Wolves can’t make their own food. They are
consumers.
The Cape Buffalo can’t make its own food. It is
a consumer.
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Producer or Consumer?
• Tree• Dandelion• Weasel• Walrus• Diatom• Algae• Bacteria• Dog• You• Rhinoceros
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Consumers
There are 4 general types of consumers:
• Herbivores• Carnivores
• Omnivores• Decomposers
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Herbivores
Herbivores – Plant eaters• Deer• Rabbits• Grasshoppers
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Herbivores
Zebras eat grass. They are
herbivores.
Cows are herbivores.
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Herbivores
Hippos are herbivores.
Rhinos are herbivores.
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Carnivores
Carnivores – Meat Eaters – Eat other animals
• Frogs• Spiders• Cougars
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Carnivores
Lions definitely eat meat!
Not all carnivores have razor sharp
teeth.
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The Most Vicious Carnivore
The ShrewThe Shrew
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Omnivores
Omnivores – Eat both plants and animals
• Bears• Pigs• Humans
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Omnivores
While the panda’s digestive system is that of a carnivore,
their diet consists of 99% bamboo.
Raccoons are omnivores. They eat
both plants and animals.
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Decomposers
Decomposers – Consume waste and dead organisms. Decomposers help recycle once-living matter by breaking it down into simple, energy-rich substances. These substances might serve as food for decomposers , be absorbed by plant roots, or be consumed by other organisms.
• Fungi• Bacteria • Earthworms• Vultures
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Decomposers
Mushrooms and other fungi break-down
dead decaying matter.
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What type of consumer?
• Elk• Bobcat• Mushroom• Buzzard• Bear• Hippopotamus• Box Turtle• Snapping Turtle• Shark• Seal
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Food Chain
A food chain is a simple model of the feeding relationship in an ecosystem.
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Food Chain
For example, shrubs are food for deer, and deer are food for mountain lions.
Shrubs are the beginning of the food chain. They
receive their energy from
sunlight.
Because shrubs make their own food through
photosynthesis, they are called
producers.
The deer is the first organism of the food chain to
eat the shrub. It is the primary consumer.
The mountain lion is the second
organism of the food chain. It eats the deer. It is the
secondary consumer.
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Food Chain
Algae make their own food from
sunlight. They are the basis for the
food chain in this example.
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Food Chain
The first organism in a food chain is
always a producer. They make their
own food.
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Food Chain
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Symbiosis
Not all relationships
among organisms involve food. Many
organisms live together and share resources in other ways. Any close
relationship between species is called symbiosis.
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3 Types of Symbiosis
• Mutualism• Commensalism• Parasitism
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Mutualism
Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both species
benefit.
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Mutualism
Examples:
• Cowbirds and Large Animals
• Termites and Trichonympha
• Bees and Flowers
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Cowbirds and Large Animals
The cowbird benefits by eating the ticks and mites off the large animal. The large
animal benefits from have the parasites removed from them. The birds can also warn them
of danger.
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Termites and Trichonympha
You probably think termites eat wood; they do – in a way. Termites can’t digest cellulose, which is the
main component of wood. Therefore, they get help from a
protozoan called trichonympha. This protozoan lives in the gut of the
termite. It breaks down the cellulose for the termite. The trichonympha gets a free meal and shelter; the termite is able to eat and receive
nutrients from the wood.
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Termite and Trichonympha
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Termite and Trichonympha
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Termite and Trichonympha
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Termite and Trichonympha
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Trichonympha
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Trichonympha
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Bees and Pollen
Bees receive nectar from the flowers in
order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they
collect pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate it by dusting the pollen
on the flowers stamen.
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Commensalism
Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not
affected.
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Commensalism
Examples:
• Clown fish and sea anemones
• Shark and remora
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Clown Fish and Sea Anemones
The clown fish is immune to the stings of the sea anemones
tentacles. The clown fish makes its home in the tentacles for protection. The clown fish gets shelter, but the
sea anemone gets nothing.
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Shark and Remora
The remora hangs around the shark
picking up any scraps it may
leave. The remora gets food while the shark gets
nothing.
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Parasitism
Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but
the other is harmed.
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Parasitism
Examples:
• Tapeworm and Humans
• Cuckoo bird and warbler
• Ticks
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Tapeworm and Humans
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Tapeworms and Humans
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Tapeworms and Humans
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Tapeworms and Humans
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Cuckoo and Warbler
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Cuckoo birds and warblers
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Cuckoo and Warbler
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Cuckoo and Warbler
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Ticks
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Tick
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Even Athletes foot is a parasite
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Parasitism
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Parasitism
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Symbiosis
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Habitat
One habitat might contain hundreds or even thousands of species. A
rotting log in a forest can be home to many species of insects, including
termites that eat decaying wood and ants that feed on the termites. Other species that live on and under rotting
log include millipedes, centipedes, spiders, and worms.
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Niche
You might think that competition for resources would make it impossible
for so many species to live in the same habitat. However, each species
has different requirements for its survival. As a result, each species has its own niche. An organism’s
niche is its role in its environment – how it obtains food and shelter, finds
a mate, cares for its young, and avoids danger.
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Niche
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Predator and Prey
An organism’s niche includes how it avoids being eaten and how it finds or captures its food. Predators are
consumers that capture and eat other consumers. The prey is the organism that is
captured by the predator.
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Predator and Prey
The deer is being eaten by the python. It
is prey.
The python has captured and is eating the deer.
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Predator and Prey
Predator
Prey
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Predator and Prey
PredatorPrey
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Predator and Prey
Prey Predator
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Predator and Prey
This alligator is the predator. It eats the
python.
This python is the prey. It is eaten by
the alligator.
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Predator and Prey
This python swallowed the
alligator. It is the predator.
This alligator was swallowed by the python. It was the
prey.
The alligator did get some revenge. The meal was too big for
the python and caused it bust.
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Lynx vs. Hare
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Predator/Prey Relationship
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Predator/Prey Relationship
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Predator/Prey Relationship
The presence of predators usually increases the number of different
species that can live in an ecosystem. Predators limit the size
of prey populations. As a result, food and other resources are less
likely to become scarce, and competition between species is
reduced.
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Cooperation
Individual organisms
often cooperate in
ways that improve survival.
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Whitetail Deer Cooperation
Whitetail Deer – Whitetail deer will lift their tail to alert others when they feel threatened.
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Ants and Honeybees
• Ants and honeybees live in social groups. Certain individuals have specific jobs within the colony.– Soldiers – Protection of
colony– Workers – gather food
and take care of young (larva)
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Cooperation
These cooperative actions improve
survival and are a part of the specie’s
niche.
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Section Summary
• All life requires a constant supply of energy.
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Section Summary
• Most producers make food by photosynthesis using light energy.
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Section Summary
• Consumers cannot make food. They obtain energy by eating producers and other consumers.
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Section Summary
• A food chain models the feeding relationships between species.
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Section Summary
• Symbiosis is any close relationship between species.
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Section Summary
• Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are types of symbiosis.
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Section Summary
• An organism’s niche describes the ways in which the organism obtains food, avoids danger, and finds shelter.
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Question
1. Explain why all consumers depends on producers for food.
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Question
2. Describe a mutualistic relationship between two imaginary organisms. Name the organisms and explain how each benefits.
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Question
3. Compare and contrast the terms habitat and niche.
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Question
4. A parasite can obtain food only from a host organism. Explain why most parasites weaken, but do not kill, their hosts.
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