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Evolution and Diversity of
Green and Land Plants
Michael G. Simpson
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cellulose:
beta formof glucose
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Cellulosic cell wall
made of cellulose microfibrils
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Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae - Alismatales)
cell wall
chloroplasts
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chloroplast:chlorophyll a & bgrana
starch
amyloplasts (starch grains):
alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside
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2 forms of
glucose
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By endosymbiosis:
How did chloroplasts
evolve?
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Charales - oogamy
Nitella Chara
oogonium
Coleochaete
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cell wall:cellulosic
plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)
-allow cell-to-cell communication
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The Land Plants
=Embryophyta (embryophytes)
The first colonization of plants on landduring the Silurian period, ca. 400 million
years ago.
Land Plants now dominate the earth.
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sporophyte:- allowed for many more propagules (spores) produced
- sporophyte (diploid) shields against deleterious recessives
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cuticlecell wall
epidermal cell
cuticle:protects against desiccation
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parenchyma:solid mass of tissue; cells:
1) are elongate to isodiametric;
2) have a primary (1) cell wall only (rarely a 2 wall);
3) living at maturity, capable of continued cell divisions.
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Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss)
antheridium
antheridium
sperm cells
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Marchantia (liverwort)
archegonium
egg cell
neck
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Bryophytesparaphyletic
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Bryophytes
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
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Liverworts -
Hepaticae
Two basic forms:
-thalloid
-leafy
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Thalloid(Conocephalum sp.)
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Leafy(Bazannia)
-3 rows of leaves,
lower usu. reduced
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antheridiophore-specialized structure that bears
antheridia
archegoniophore
-specialized structure that bearsarchegonia
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Marchantia
pore
gemma cup
pore
gemmae
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Marchantia
sporophyte spores
elaters
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stomate
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Mosses
(Musci)
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sporophyte:- allowed for many more propagules (spores) produced
- sporophyte (diploid) shields against deleterious recessives
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fertilization
protonema gametophyte (n)
archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n)
spore
(n) meiosis
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Economically important mosses:
Sphagnum Peat Moss
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Leaves have tiny pores that retain water
Sphagnum - Peat moss:
chlorophyllous cells
hyaline cell
pore
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Sphagnum - Peat moss:
Sphagnum Peat Moss
Plants make ground water acidic, form extensive bogs
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Peat = partially decomposed
Sphagnum
- Used in
potting media
- Used as afuel
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Peat = partially decomposed
Sphagnum
- Tollandman:
- preserved
remains in bog,405-100 B.C.
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Hornworts
(Anthocerotae)
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