Download - Ch 9 Notes
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Ch 9 NotesMr. Russo
Beaumont High School
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Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform fault
boundary Oceanic Ridge Rift Valley Seafloor Spreading
Subduction Zone Trench Continental Volcanic
Arc Volcanic Island Arc Paleomagnetism Hot Spot
Ch 9 Vocab Matrix (Pg 45)
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We will be able to describe the 4 pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift.
Objective: Ch 9.1 Pg 47
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Continental Drift – The continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent◦Proposed by Alfred Wegner
Continental Drift
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Pangaea – The supercontinent (All Land)◦Continents broke apart and drifted to their current position
Pangaea
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Continental Puzzle – Continents appear to form a puzzle that can be put together
What evidence supports continental Drift?
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Matching Fossils – Several of the same types of fossils on different landmasses
What evidence supports continental Drift?
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Rock Types and Structures – Mountain belts that end on one coastline seem to reappear on a landmass across the ocean
What evidence supports continental Drift?
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Ancient Climates – Found evidence of glacial ice in countries that shouldn’t have any glaciers
What evidence supports continental Drift?
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Objective
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The upper mantle and the crust act like a strong rigid layer. ◦This layer is called the lithosphere
Ch 9.2What is the theory of plate tectonics?
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The lithosphere lies on top of the weaker mantle called the ASTHENOSPHERE
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Plate – Plates are sections of the lithosphere◦7 Major plates◦Largest – Pacific Plate
◦Plates move 5cm/yr
Plates
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Convergent
Divergent
Transform
What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?
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Divergent Boundary – Occur when two plates move apart
Example – East African Rift Valley
Divergent Boundary
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Example – East African Rift Valley
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Convergent boundary – Occur when two plates move together
Convergent Boundary
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Transform Boundary – When two plates grind past each other◦Example – San Andreas
Transform Boundary
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Every Plate contains all 3 types of boundaries
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Oceanic Ridge – Elevated area in the ocean, found along divergent boundaries
Ch 9.3Oceanic Ridge
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Rift Valley – Deep faults found along divergent boundaries
Rift Valley
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Seafloor Spreading – The process by which plate tectonics produce new lithosphere
Oldest part of the ocean floor is 180 million years old.
Seafloor Spreading
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Subduction Zone – When one plate is forced down beneath another plate. (Convergent Boundary)
Subduction Zone
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Trench – Surface Feature produced during a subduction zone.
Trench
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Continental Volcanic Arc – When a continental and ocean plate collide, they produce volcanoes on the land.
Continental Volcanic Arc
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Volcanic Island Arc – When 2 ocean plates collide, they produce volcanoes in the middle of an ocean, forming islands
Volcanic Island Arc
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Mountains are formed when two continent plates collide.
Example – Himalayas in South Asia
Mountains
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Transform Fault – Earthquakes – At Transform faults, plates grind past without destroying the lithosphere and produce earthquakes.
Example – San Andreas Fault , CA
Transform Fault - Earthquakes
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Convergent Boundaries – Lithosphere is destroyed
Divergent Boundaries – Lithosphere is created
Transform Boundaries– Lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed.
Notice
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Paleomagnetism – Study of changes in Earth’s magnetic field
Ch 9.4Paleomagnetism
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Normal Polarity – Same magnetism as present day magnetic field
Normal Polarity
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Reverse Polarity – Rocks that show opposite magnetism then present day
Reverse Polarity
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The discovery of strips of rocks of alternating polarity across the ocean ridges.
What evidence supports theory of plate tectonics?
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The youngest crust (Seafloor) is at the ridge crest, the oldest crust is further away
How old is the seafloor?
OldestYoungest
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Hot Spot – A rising plume of mantle that creates a volcanic area (Hawaii)
Hot spot supports idea that the plates move over Earth’s surface
Hot spot
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Shaded Region – Reverse Polarity
White Region – Normal Polarity