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Ch.25 Exploration & Colonization of The
Americas
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Theme 2: Development and interaction of cultureElement #2: Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies
Theme 4: Creation, expansion, & interaction of econ. systemsElement #2: Trade and commerce
What AP Themes are the focus of Ch.25?
Theme 3: State-building, expansion, and conflictElement #3: Nations and nationalismElement #5: Regional, transregional, & global structures and organization
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I. The Spanish CaribbeanA. The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks
Taino Indians, Dominican Rep., 1500 CE
B. The Encomienda system
1. subjugated by the Spanish to mine gold & silver2. Brutality & smallpox led to a decrease in the population3. By early 17th century, the Taino pop. no longer exists.
1. System provided land grants given to Spanish settlers.2. Tainos forced into labor in exchange for provisions.
Thinking Critically:Based on the journal entry, what conclusion can be drawn about European racial ideologies and attitudes toward indigenous peoples in the Americas?
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II. The Conquest of Mexico and PeruA. The Aztecs (Mexico) and Incas (Peru)
1. The empires of Meso & South America were wealthier and more complex than Caribbean societies.
B. Hernan Cortes1. Conquers Aztecs 1519-21
2. Internal strife and disease allow Spanish to defeat these groups.3. Technology (steel swords, muskets, cannons and horses) gave Spanish the advantage.
C. Francisco Pizarro1. Conquers Incas 1532-33
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II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued)
Europeans
Technological advancements
enslavement & subjugation
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II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued)
Egyptians
Technological advancements
enslavement & subjugation
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III. Iberian Empires in the Americas
B. The Spanish formalize their rule1. New Spain & New Castile - each governed by viceroys2. audiencias are set up to check the power of the viceroys3. urban centers develop as a result of Spanish rule
C. Portuguese establish imperial presence in Brazil.
A. Treaty of Tordesillas1. Divides South America between Spanish and Portuguese rule.
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III. Iberian Empires in the Americas (continued)
Audencias allowed the Spanish to maintain a power base in the Americas.
How did each of the following individuals/groups accomplish this?
Classical Postclassical The Early Modern Period
The Mauryan Empire under Ashoka
The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne
The Spanish
The Roman Empire
The Byzantines
The Achaemenids of Persia
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1. The production of what cash crop dramatically increased the Portuguese interest in Brazil after 1550?
2. What common purpose do the encomienda and mita systems share?
3. What is the connection between the reconquista and the encomienda system?
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IV. Colonization of North America
A. France & England 1. Colonization on east
coast, exploration of west coast
2. Migration patterns show more family based settlement.
3. Sought fur, fish, trade routes early 17th century
4. Suffered from isolation & food shortages
Jamestown Colony 1607
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Spanish & Portuguese Colonization
Both Groups
French and English Colonization
Male-based migration with strictly econ. motives.
Both seeking opportunities
Family-based migration with resettlement focus.
Royal sponsorship with use of viceroys
Royal oversight with private investment
Mingled with the natives to create a more intricate hierarchy.
Maintain separation of cultures.
Used indigenous population as a labor source (encomineda, engenho, mita)
Both utilized African slave labor
Indentured servants
Mining of gold and silver Both cultivated cash crops
Profited from the fur trade, tobacco, and fishing
Colonization Venn Charts
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Spanish & Portuguese Colonization
Both Groups
French and English Colonization
Migration dominated by males Migration more family-based
Caribbean, S. & N. America North America
Used as a source of labor (encomienda, mita, engenho)
Reliance on the indigenous pop. and eventually the African slave trade
As a means of survival, trade
Royal sponsorship and use of viceroys
Royal oversight with private investment
Imposition of power through force.
Resettlement was more of a focus.
Missionary efforts were more successful
Missionary efforts were less successful
Integration of groups was common
More segregated (us & them)
mining agriculture Fur trade, fishing
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B. Relations with indigenous people1. Settlers interrupt migrations of indigenous peoples. 2. Lands seized & justified with treaties 3. Natives raided farms & villages – lead to reprisals by settlers.4. 1500 - 1800, native pop. decreases by 90%
Colonial Justice
IV. Colonization of North America (continued)
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1. Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the peoples of the Caribbean made their living by doing what?
2. Why did Christian missionaries have greater success at conversion of indigenous peoples of Mexico and Peru, than in the North American colonies?
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Colonization of North America
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Colonial Society: S. America
Formation of multicultural societies
People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule
Social hierarchy Iberian colonies: Whites (peninsulares &
creoles) Mixed (mestizos & zambos) Africans & natives =
bottom mestizo societies emerge Brazil more mixed:
mestizos, mulattoes, zambos
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Colonial Society: No. America
Greater gender balance among settlers
Allowed marriage within own groups
Relations with French traders & native women métis (Euro + native)
English frowned on interracial marriages
Cultural borrowing: plants, crops, deerskin clothes
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Spanish Colonial Economy: Mining
Silver & gold basis of Spanish wealth
Two major sites of silver mining: Zacatecas (Mexico) & Potosi (Peru)
Global significance of silver 20% of silver went to royal
treasury (the quinto) Funded military & bureaucracy Went to European, then to
Asian markets for luxury goods
Potosi Silver Mine
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Spanish Colonial Economy: Agriculture
Haciendas basis of Spanish Am. production Produced foodstuffs for local use Encomienda repartimientoEncomienda system seen as abusive
Repartimiento replaces conscript & slave with contract labor
free laborers by mid-17th century Native Resistance
Rebellion, indolence, retreatDifficult to register complaints
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Portuguese Colonial Economy
Sugar and slavery in Brazil Dependent on sugar
production Brazilian life revolved around
the sugar mill, or engenho Combined agricultural &
industrial enterprises Sugar planters landed
nobility
Brazilian Sugar Plantation
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Portuguese Colonial Economy
Growth of slavery in Brazil Natives were not cultivators
resisted farm labor Disease indigenous pop. Imported African slaves for cane &
sugar production after 1530 deaths births demand for
slaves 1 ton of sugar = 1 human life
Slaves Harvesting Sugarcane
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North Am. Colonial Economy
Fur traders Fur trade extremely profitable Natives trapped for & traded
with Europeans Impact of fur trade
Environmental conflicts among natives competing for resources
Fur Traders
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North Am. Colonial Economy
European settlers threatened natives
Cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton
Indentured labor in 17th & 18th centuries
Replaced by Slaves in late 17th century
New England merchants participated in slave trade, distillation of rum
Tobacco Plantation
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Colonial Religion: Christianity
Spanish missionaries Est. mission schools &
churches Some record native
languages & traditions Attracted many proselytes
French & English missionaries English not interested in
native conversion
French moderate success Indians @ Mission Ventura
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The Pacific: Australia
British captain James Cook explored east Australia in 1770
1788, England est. 1st settlement in Australia as a penal colony Free settlers outnumbered
convicted criminal migrants after 1830s
Penal Colony: Australia
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The Pacific Islands
Spanish voyages after Magellan Acapulco to Manila Indigenous Chamorro
resisted decimated by smallpox
Impact: Occasional skirmishes Whalers regularly visited
after 18th century Missionaries, merchants, and
planters follow
Chamorro Church Villiage
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Politics within the Iberian Empires
Colonial American society European-style society in
cities indigenous culture persisted
in rural areas More exploitation than
settlement Still, many Iberians settled
btw. 1500-1800
Colonization—Spanish Style