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Master thesis
Challenges and Opportunities of Green Building in Pakistan
By
Muhammad Zeeshan Ali
(s0536325)
MSc Construction and Real Estate Management
Supervisors:
M.Arch. Eric Pollock
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nicole Riediger
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Acknowledgment
First of all I would like to thank the Almighty Allah for providing me the strength
and courage to complete the Master thesis and the degree in time. Without his
greatness and help I would not be able to complete the work.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my final year thesis supervisor
M.Arch. Eric Pollock for accepting my thesis proposal and for providing the
assistance, guidance, feedback and support which helped me a lot during the
thesis work. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nicole Riediger for serving as my
second supervisor and taking out the time from her busy schedule for my work.
I am thankful to Rana Hassan Ashraf a very good friend, for his unconditional
support and motivation which encouraged me a lot during my studies.
I would like to dedicate this study to my beloved parents without whom I would
not be able to achieve all the success in life. They have done a lot for making me
a good human and giving me a better life. Without their love, care, moral and
financial support I would have not been able to pursue my studies. I would like to
thank them for always being there for providing me a world full of opportunities.
May Allah bless them, Ameen.
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Abstract
The increasing environmental concerns have forced world community to come
up with such solutions with the least impact on the environment and potential tomeet the ever increasing human needs in a sustainable manner. One such
solution is of Green Building technology, which is also a focal point of this study.
Green building concept actually refers to a process which is environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout the building's life-cycle. The
process has applicability in all distinct phases of building life cycle which includes
design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. Energy
crisis, water shortage, poor waste management, less intelligent buildings spatialdesign and the usage of energy intensive materials in Pakistan construction
industry have indeed called for analysis which could give deeper insights about
the challenges and problems currently prevailing and creating hurdles in adopting
and implementing green building technology in Pakistan. STEEP analysis has
provided a logical and theoretical basis to visualize all the challenges and
opportunities regarding Green Building technology under five distinct constructs
which are Social, Technical, Economics, Environmental and Political. Thereafter,
a tool, SWOT analysis, commonly used to synthesize information in terms of
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats is employed. Discerning
relevant challenges and opportunities in terms of strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats warrants a further study of a case in a similar context to
give recommendations a pragmatic shape. Therefore, a brief case study of CII-
Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Center project in a neighboring country of India
having similar climatic, cultural and political conditions is done to make the
recommendations more specific, meaningful and relevant to the context.
Keywords: Green Building Technology, sustainable construction, STEEP and
SWOT analysis, environmental degradation, energy crisis.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................. ii
Abstract .............................................................................................................. iii
List of Figures .................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables.....................................................................................................viii
List of Abbreviation ............................................................................................ ix
1. Theoretical Phase ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Background ............................................................................................ 1
1.1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................ 2
1.1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................. 3
1.2 Research Methodology .......................................................................... 4
1.2.1 Theoretical Phase .................................................................................. 4
1.2.2 Analytical Phase .................................................................................... 5
1.2.3 Result Phase ......................................................................................... 5
1.3 Literature Review ................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 What is green building ........................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Why people attracted towards Green Building ..................................... 12
1.3.3 History of Green Building ..................................................................... 13
1.3.4 Green Building Strategies for Pakistan ................................................ 25
2. Analytical Phase ........................................................................................ 44
2.1 STEEP Analysis ................................................................................... 44
2.1.1 Social Factors ...................................................................................... 45
2.1.2 Technological Factors .......................................................................... 49
2.1.3 Economic Factors ................................................................................ 53
2.1.4 Environmental Factors ......................................................................... 55
2.1.5 Political Factors ................................................................................... 57
2.2 SWOT Analysis .................................................................................... 60
2.2.1 Strengths ............................................................................................. 63
2.2.2 Weaknesses ........................................................................................ 64
2.2.3 Opportunities ....................................................................................... 65
2.2.4 Threats................................................................................................. 67
2.2.5 Confrontation Matrix............................................................................. 70
2.2.6 Summary of SWOT analysis ................................................................ 73
2.3 Case Study of CII- Sohrabji Godrej green building center ................... 75
2.3.1 Project Description ............................................................................... 75
2.3.2 Project Details ...................................................................................... 76
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2.3.3 Green initiatives and sustainable technology used in the building ....... 81
2.3.4 Sensitivity to context ............................................................................ 85
2.3.5 Benefits achieved ................................................................................ 86
3. Result Phase ............................................................................................. 87
3.1 Recommendations ............................................................................... 87
3.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 89
4. References ................................................................................................ 91
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List of Figures
Figure 1: What is a Green Building? (The Green Makover home, 2009). ........... 9
Figure 2: Energy consumption by different sectors, (NewsRoomFeatures,2009). ................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 3: Evans Mills Our Hand in Greening the White House, (CBS Newsletter,
1994). ................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 4: Total energy consumption by buildings from 1980 to 2030 (Hong, et
al., 2007, p. 8) ................................................................................................... 17
Figure 5: Growth of LEED certified buildings in India (India's leading real estate,
2010) ................................................................................................................. 24Figure 6: Our buildings today world over (Tirmizi, 2010, p. 2). .......................... 26
Figure 7: Specific Consumption of the Total Primary Energy Supply per capita
(Khan, 2007, p. 5). ............................................................................................ 27
Figure 8: Share of built environment in pollution emission and resource use
(Isover Sustainable insulation, 2009). ............................................................... 32
Figure 9: Forecast for Pakistans power generation and consumption (World
News, 2005). ..................................................................................................... 33
Figure 10: Pakistan energy outlook 2008-2022, (OICCI Energy Subcommittee,
2006, p. 14). ...................................................................................................... 34
Figure 11: Estimated average composition of construction and demolition debris
in urban settings (Ashmore, et al., 2010, p. 13). ............................................... 39
Figure 12: Rate of Municipal solid waste generated by countries (Gautam,
2009). ................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 13: Top 10 populated countries in the world (Index mundi, 2012). ........ 42
Figure 14: Aerial View of the CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre
Building at Hyderabad India, (Solaripedia, 2013). ............................................. 75
Figure 15: Macro level location-CII Sohrabji Godrej GBC, (Subramanian, 2012).
.......................................................................................................................... 76
Figure 16: Performance of green building in India, (Roy & Gupta, 2008). ......... 78
Figure 17: Public transport near to the site, (Subramanian, 2012). ................... 79
Figure 18: Vehicle charging station at CII Sohrabji Godrej GBC, (Subramanian,
2012). ................................................................................................................ 79
Figure 19: Climate data of India, (imdhyderabad, 2012). .................................. 80
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Figure 20: Hyderabad climate, (Subramanian, 2012). ...................................... 80
Figure 21: Use of photovoltaic cells on the roof top, (Subramanian, 2012). ...... 81
Figure 22: Wind Towers, (Gujral, 2009). ........................................................... 82
Figure 23: Fly ash bricks in comparison with clay and concrete bricks,
(Subramanian, 2012). ....................................................................................... 83Figure 24: Bagasse board and ceramic tiles used in the building, (Subramanian,
2012). ................................................................................................................ 84
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List of Tables
Table 1: Research Methodology Flowchart. ........................................................ 6
Table 2: Sustainable building rating systems (Fowler & Rauch, 2006, p. 3). .... 21Table 3: Historical development of Building materials (Reddy, 2004). .............. 29
Table 4: Work Breakdown structure of macro environment analysis. ............... 44
Table 5: Work Breakdown structure for micro environment analysis. ............... 62
Table 6: Confrontation Matrix. ........................................................................... 72
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List of Abbreviation
STEEP Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental,
Political
SWOT Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threat
IGBC Indian Green Building Council
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method
USGBC United State Green Building Council
U.S United State
AIA American Institute of Architects
CASBEE Comprehensive Assessment System for Building
Environment Efficiency
CCI Clintons Climate Initiative
WGBC World Green Building Council
OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and
Development
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
PV Panels Photovoltaic Panels
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
DC Direct Current
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ESCO Energy Service Companies
UNDP United Nations Development Program
PEPO Pakistan Environment Protection Ordinance
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
IAP Institute of Architects Pakistan
IEP Institute of Engineers Pakistan
IGBC Indian Green Building Council
VFDs Variable Frequency Drives
TOE Tonne of Oil Equivalent
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CLFs Compact Fluorescent Lamps
GBC Green Business Center
CII Confederation of Indian Industry
NC New Construction
USAID United States Agency for International Development
NIAP National Impact Assessment Program
NCEA Netherland Commission for Environmental
Assessment
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1. Theoretical Phase
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Background
In the present time, green building has been an integral part in sustainable
development as it controls the environmental crisis, strengthen the energy issue
and balance the long term health and economic matters. It is a concept that builds
a structure which is environmentally responsible and energy efficient. The green
building is designed to overcome the negative impact on health, economy, and
environment (Ali & Nsairat, 2008). In global context sustainable construction isdefined as a holistic process starting with the extraction of raw materials,
continuing with the planning, design, and construction of buildings, and ending
with their demolition and management of the resultant waste (Korkmaz, et al.,
2009).
In the past few decade green buildings concept has taken considerable
recognition in the engineering, architecture and construction industry as the world
has become more sensitive towards the issues of global climate change and
environment. Sustainable construction requires a different conception of thinking
about cost, quality, and time that traditional Benefits of green buildings are that
they reduce the negative impact on the environment and also offer business
opportunity and better occupant health. Many developed nations such as United
States, United Kingdom, Korea, Canada and Japan have already adopted and
implemented green building technology (Korkmaz, et al., 2009). The initial costs
of Green buildings are higher than the conventional buildings specially whenincorporating more advance technologies and selecting higher levels of LEED or
sustainability. But Green buildings may cost more to build than conventional
buildings, especially when incorporating more advanced technologies and higher
levels of LEED, or sustainability. However, they also offer significant cost savings
over time. (Greg Kats, et al., 2003, p. 9). Developing countries are experiencing
exponential growth in the built environment and there is a great potential of
making the design and construction practices in these countries more sustainable
through green building guidelines (Korkmaz, et al., 2009).
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As a developing country, India has witnessed major progress in the context of
green building guidelines since 2001 (Potbhare, et al., 2009, p. 159). Whereas
also Pakistan is facing the environmental issues which is not only threatens the
human health but also disturbing the economic development and environmental
protection of the country. The major problems that Pakistan is facing are theenergy crisis, limited water resources, recycling of solid waste and use of energy
intensive construction material (Sana, 2013). Green building design and
construction are the suitable possible way to overcome the water, energy,
material and waste issues in Pakistan. As per confederation of Indian Industry,
green building in India consumes 30 to 50 percent less energy as compared to
conventional building. There are few buildings in Pakistan that are recognized as
green architecture/ construction but on a larger scale still Pakistan is in need toimplement green building concept country wide. To overcome the crisis such as
energy, water and solid waste it is proposed that by introducing the green
buildings construction in Pakistan market, it will provide an immediate solution to
the mentioned problems (Aslam, et al., 2012).
1.1.2 Problem Statement
Currently energy crisis is the major threat to Pakistan. The current energy crisis
in Pakistan has affected all fields of society badly. A constant increase in the gap
between the electricity demand and supply has been noted with each passing
day (Mahboob, 2013). Major portion of the electricity consumption belongs to
building sector of Pakistan as 40 percent electricity generated by Pakistan is
consumed by building sector (Alamgir, 2008).
Another issue that exist as a biggest threat is the water shortage crisis in the
country over the past few decades. As per the experts, the availability of potable
water per capita was 5600 cubic meter in 1950s but now the value is lower to
1000 cubic meter per capita. Public awareness is very necessary towards the
importance of water management and its efficient use (Islam, 2013).
Also commonly used construction materials in Pakistan i.e. clay bricks etc. are
highly energy intensive. With the excessive use of these construction materials
gives not only negative impact on the environment but also drains the energy
sources (Tirmizi, 2010, p. 4).
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The traditional building design and construction in Pakistan is very congested
with less movement and very less outdoor space. In Pakistan joint family system
is very common so greater number of people living in small houses gives poor
ventilation and bad indoor day light. In these buildings as the indoor air quality
has adverse effect on occupants health (UN-Habitat, 2010, p. 5).
Whereas green building is a practice of creating structures, which reduces energy
consumption, increase in the use of renewable energy, minimum production of
waste, provides better indoor air quality and efficient use of construction material
(INPAPERMAGZINE, 2011).
In terms of words or documents, Pakistan claims to be the part of global world
but Pakistan lacks when it comes to action and implementing environmentalprotocols. The point of concern is that to overcome the above mentioned threats,
many environmental and energy efficient policies were introduced but they were
not implemented properly. Whereas India is far ahead in the implementation of
green building across the country. Indian political parties are serious on this issue
that they have placed the climatic matter and sustainable development on the top
of their manifestos (Sana, 2013).
1.1.3 Objectives
The aim and objective of the research project is to analyze and study the
opportunities and challenges that Green Building technology have in Pakistan.
As despite of having serious environmental and energy crisis in country, why till
now green building technology is not yet introduced or implemented on a larger
scale in Pakistan. The challenges and opportunities for the implementation andadoption of Green building technology exists in Pakistan are discussed in detail
by doing SWOT analysis and a case study.
The aim of research illustrates following research objectives.
A SWOT analyses of large scale green building technology
implementation in Pakistan.
A case study to discuss the technology being already used in similar
climates.
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To propose recommendations for adoption & implementation of green
building technology in Pakistan as per objective 1 and 2.
1.2 Research Methodology
The research methodology will explain the procedures and methods opted to
collect the desired data for this study. The research is done in an adjustable
fashion so as to bolster the way of thinking and obtain knowledge on the problem
space in a coherent way. The research work is divided into four stages which are
explained in detail below. The following four stages are:
Theoretical phase
Analytical phase
Result phase
Results evaluation phase.
1.2.1 Theoretical Phase
This is the preliminary stage where research topic Challenges and Opportunities
of Green Buildings in Pakistan is explained in detail and data collection against
the research topic to determine the problem associated to the research. This
phase includes the introduction, research methodology and literature review part
of the project work. The phase is divided into three parts which are as under:
Introduction
Research Methodology
Literature Review
The introduction part will define the green building and also will discuss the
increase in demand of this technology in developing countries. It will also describe
the present scenario of green building challenges and opportunities in Pakistan.
The literature review will explain in detail that what is actually a green building is,
its important features and why people got attracted towards this technology. A
brief introduction, the history of the green building, its application worldwide and
current situation. It also includes the green building strategies for Pakistan and
what is the current development in Pakistan. The research is based on the data
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collected from the various sources including article, journals, reports, books and
the website sources.
1.2.2 Analytical Phase
Analytical phase comprises of STEEP analysis which is used to determine the
social, technological, environmental, economic and political aspects. The results
from STEEP analysis will be utilized as an input for the SWOT analysis which is
also a part of analytical phase.
SWOT analysis will determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats of green building to be implemented in Pakistan. SWOT analysis is
followed by a case study research of a green building constructed in India having
similar cultural, social and political problems like Pakistan.
1.2.3 Result Phase
Recommendation will be made in this phase after the detailed discussion in the
SWOT analysis part and the case study. Recommendations will explain theprocedure and steps to be taken in order to increase the chances of Green
building technology to be introduced and implemented in Pakistan.
Recommendation part is followed by the Conclusion. Data obtained from the
SWOT analysis, case study and recommendations will also be concluded in this
phase.
A flow chart is made to explain all the phases that will help the reader to
understand the structure of this project report.
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Rese
archMethodologyPhases
TheoreticalPhase
AnalyticalPhase
Re
sultPhase
Table 1: Research Methodology Flowchart.
Introduction
Research Methodolo
Literature Review
STEEP AnalysisCase Study
SWOT Analysis
Recommendation on the basis of
SWOT Analysis and case study
Conclusion
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1.3 Literature Review
1.3.1 What is green building
The construction of buildings and development of modern towns/cities have
strong and substantial harmful effect on the environment. Also buildings are quite
responsible for having bad impacts on the mental and physical health of their
residents (JANAK, 2009, p. 1). The maximum percentage of worlds energy is
consumed by the building sector. As per the research 40 percent of the total
energy is consumed by the buildings, they also utilizes 12 percent of the water
and dispose 40 percent of the solid waste to landfill. On a higher level scientists
and think tanks agreed that this is an alarming situation as buildings are also
responsible for the global problems. However buildings can be the biggest
solutions to these environmental problems. (Arnel, 2012).
It is realized that the global warming has been the existing threat to the
environment and a fact which is not deniable. Developed counties are focused
on the promotion and implementation of technique for reducing the energy and
resource consumption and also the reduction in the release of CO2 gasses. The
building sector is the largest energy consumer and also it produces huge amount
of waste, pollution and greenhouse gases, so this sector needs serious
improvement in order to stop the negative harmful effects of building on the
environment. There are about 12.5 million residential and 430,000 commercial
buildings in Canada. As a result, these buildings are actually consuming about
50 percent of the natural resources, utilizing 33 percent of energy and also they
emits about 30 percent of greenhouse gasses (Sangster, 2006, p. 8).
There have many techniques and ways are developed and introduced to reduce,
minimize the environmental concerns of global warming and air pollution related
to building construction industry, as these both factors are linked with the energy
issues (Alnaser, et al., 2008a). As the rapid increase in the population and
economy is expanding, it is now a challenging job for the builders, constructors
and designers to meet the upcoming needs, requirements and demands for the
new or renovated structures/facilities that are easily accessible, secure,
productive and healthy and also they are not putting negative impact on the
environment (Alnaser, et al., 2008b).
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With the increasing awareness of environmental problems, people are coming up
with new ways to solve or decrease environmental degradation. One of the ideas
is of Green buildings. Green building actually refers to a structure which is
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-
cycle. The process includes design, construction, operation, maintenance,renovation, and demolition (Aslam, et al., 2012). Another definition of green
building is that a building which includes the efficient usage of clean energy and
water, better use of recycle material or the material ready for recycling and also
it provides a healthy indoor environment (Mohindroo, 2008, p. 5).
At every stage of green building construction process, special attentions to the
environmental consideration is given and major phases are design, construction,
operation and maintenance. The integration concept makes the major difference
between the conventional and green building rest the teams of multi-disciplinary
professional used to work together from the planning stage till the pre occupant
phase (Zafar, 2013). Design phase has the major importance as architecture
design can control the consumption of energy in the building and also its solid
waste. It will be possible to reduce carbon dioxide emission CO2. Design of
building that makes the solar energy usage at the maximum capacity, usage of
renewable resources can control the energy consumption. As water is the most
important depleting resource in India, another important area for green
construction is the optimum usage of water resource (Bagchi, 2011).
1.2.3.1 Important Elements of a Green Building
As per the survey in U.S, buildings are usually responsible for 72% of electricity
consumption, 39% of energy use, 35% of carbon dioxide emissions, 40% of raw
material usage, 30% waste output and 14% potable water consumption (Durmus-
Pedini & Ashuri, 2010). As shown in figure 1, green building just not only address
the energy consumption of the building but also there are other important
elements that are being considered by the green building. Green building is
generally focused on few critical elements which are energy efficiency, indoor air
quality, lot development, homeowner education, global impact, resource/material
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efficiency and water efficiency and management (The Green Makover home,
2009).
1.3.1.1 Energy Efficiency
Energy is the most critical factor that is addressed by Green buildings because
the economic costs and environmental impacts are linked with the use of energy.
The major objectives includes:
Achieving the energy efficiency and reduction in energy use by installing
energy efficient appliances, lighting.
Renewable sources of energy such as solar power, thermal energy and
combustion of biomass are very effectively and efficiently used.
Figure 1: What is a Green Building? (The Green Makover home, 2009).
Lot Development
Resource
Efficiency
Energy Efficiency
Water Effciency
and quality
Indorr Air Quality
Homeowner
Education
Global Impact
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The building sector accounts for the largest percent of produced energy
consumption. It uses 40 percent of our energy resources as compared to industry
and transportation, which consume 32 percent and 28 percent, respectively
(NewsRoomFeatures, 2009).
It is commonly noticed that in green buildings, usually energy has been treated
as its major or sometimes only critical element. But the building is only
considering and addressing the energy element, then that building may not be
called as green building. As there are also many other environmental impacts
which can overshadow the benefits of minimum utilization of energy in that
building (Fischer, 2010, p. 5).
1.3.1.2 Water Management
Water is the most important and valuable element for the existence of human
beings. One of the cost saving factor is the reduction of water usage in the
buildings (Mohindroo, 2008, p. 2). Water resource management can be achieved
by the recycling of the wastewater in the buildings. It is also important to note that
water management also includes how the neighboring land and building itself
Figure 2: Energy consumption by different sectors, (NewsRoomFeatures, 2009).
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controls and handles the rain water, on site water and run off. Water management
may also include how the building and associated land handle rain, on-site water,
and run-off (Fischer, 2010, p. 7).
1.3.1.3 Waste management
It is another important element of the green building. It is essential to reduce the
environmental impact of waste gained from the construction process of the
building. This can be achieved by doing the recycling of the waste material and
also it is suggested to use the material more efficiently. Papers and plastic bags
foodstuffs can be recycled or otherwise processed to reduce their environmental
impact (Fischer, 2010, p. 8).
1.3.1.4 Lot Development
At this phase the developers and planners actually do the lay out of the
communities and cities giving the adequate access to the resources and also they
design the buildings with the proper orientation towards the sun. Echo system of
the building and the storm water management are also part of the low lot
development (The Green Makover home, 2009).
1.3.1.5 Resource/Material Used
It is also known as material efficiency. Material selection and use in the building
construction process and also in its operations is an important factor, as it isresponsible for the sustainability of the buildings environment footprints (Fischer,
2010, p. 8). It is possible to reduce the landfill waste obtained from the
construction and operation process of the building, if it is utilized more efficiently
and designed for recycling. (Smiciklas, et al., 2012, p. 5).
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1.3.1.6 Indoor air quality
Building design should allow the best indoor air quality to maintain the healthy
environment inside the building. With the use of materials such as asbestos,
material without heavy metals or other toxic material can cause building impacts
on occupants health. There are also other factors for example lighting, building
design, or climate change can have major effect on human health (Fischer, 2010,
p. 8).
1.3.1.7 Global Impact
It is important to keep in mind that while focusing on the building sustainability
and comfort for the occupants it is recommended to have a look outward to the
neighbor that the building is not going to harm the surrounding specially the
neighbors (The Green Makover home, 2009).
1.3.2 Why people attracted towards Green Building
Why there is a need of green building and why people attracted towards thisconcept is asked from many occupants of green building and 3 major reasons
came out by these occupants (Srinivas, 2007). The reasons are following:
1.3.2.1 Operational Savings
The advantage of green buildings are that they consume about 40 to 50 percent
less energy and also 20 to 30 percent less water as compared to conventional
building. But there will be an incremental cost which will be pack back in 3 to 5
years time span (Srinivas, 2007).
1.3.2.2 Daylight and Views
Another important aspect is the daylight and views. The daylight and views in the
working environment makes the connection with the outside environment
possible. It also provides pleasant and smoothing effect which has positive effect
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on their work. As per the research the productivity is increased by 12 to 15 percent
of the people having access to daylight and views (Srinivas, 2007).
1.3.2.3 Air Quality
Fresh and healthy air quality is an important aspect of green buildings. To
maintain excellent indoor air quality green buildings use interior material with low
voltaic compound (VOC) emissions. About 15 cfm/person of fresh air exclusion
is needed by the office building to maintain the healthy and fresh environment
inside the building (Srinivas, 2007).
1.3.3 History of Green Building
1.3.3.1 How it got started
Henri Becquerel was the first person who witnessed the conversion of solar
energy into electrical energy which is also called as photovoltaic power. In late
18th century till the start of 19th century sun energy was used to be converted in
to the steam energy with the help of solar power plants. Then from 1950s solar
energy was used on a smaller scale, making way 20 years later for the solar panel
solution. Green building moved to reality from development and research stage
during the 1970s energy crisis. Due to the initial high costs, solar panels on a
smaller scale were installed in the buildings. Since then developers constructed
more efficient and lesser expensive solar panels making possible the maximum
use of solar energy. In the meantime, a research had begun as if solar panels
can be more helpful towards the energy consumption as they make the building
more energy efficient with lower energy bills and also they have minimum
negative effect on the environment (BStone, 2011).
Due to the energy crisis in 1970s American institute of Architects (AIA) made an
energy task force along with the AIA Committee on Energy. They had made two
groups of teams, assigning different jobs to them. One team was responsible for
the passive systems, for example saving the energy. Second team was looking
at the technological solutions like triple grazed windows. The building energy
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conservation efforts were kept on moving ahead as in 1977, Willis Faber and
Dumas Headquarters grass roof were used to make the maximum use of daylight.
Also In 1977, the Solar Energy Research Institute which was latterly renamed as
National Renewable Energy Laboratory was established to examine energy
technologies and Department of Energy was made to look at the usage of energy
and conservation (Duro-Last Roofing, et al., 2003, p. 4). Norwegian Prime
minister Gro Harlem Bruntland gave the first definition to Sustainable
development in 1987 UN World Commission on Environment and Development,
as the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Duro-Last Roofing, et
al., 2003, p. 5).
The first national eco labeling program was used in Germany in 1977. The
program is known as Blue Angel. This program contains different types of product
covering all fields including building construction. It is used in the multiple
environmental factors like for pollution prevention, safety, emissions, and for
hazardous substances. In 1989 Nordic Swan, a voluntary echo labeling program
was introduced. The event was attended by the northern European countries
such as Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden (Duro-Last Roofing, et al., 2003,
p. 19).
Globally, in 1990 the Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method (BREEAM), worlds first environmental assessment method
and rating system for buildings was established in the UK. The U.S Green
building council (USGBC) was established in 1993 and Indian Green Building
Council was formed in 2001. CII Sohrabji Godrej Green is the India first USGBC
LEED Certified (Meghraj, 2007, p. 5). In 1990, the very first internationally usedenvironmental assessment tool introduced to the world is BREEAM, which stands
for Building Research Environmentally Assessment Method. The assessment
method is also used in other countries like Canada, New Zealand and Australia
(Duro-Last Roofing, et al., 2003, p. 18).
The earth summit held in June 1992, was attended by 2400 non-government and
172 government organizations. Agenda 21 which focuses on the achievement of
global sustainability, environmental and development issues, climate change,
biodiversity and announcements on forest principles is a document of historical
importance and its formal passage marked the historical event. In June 1993, at
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UIA/AIA Congress of Architects, sustainability was chosen the theme for the
event by the AIA president due to the inspiration from June 1992 Earth summit.
U.N.s 1985 Bruntland Commission definition of sustainability was being referred
at this event and AIA president Maxman signed the Declaration of
Interdependence for a Sustainable Future. (Duro-Last Roofing, et al., 2003, p.5).
In the same year 1993, the US Green Building Council (GBC) was formed. The
membership of U.S Green Building Council consists of 150 groups. The member
groups represents all divisions of the building sector which includes managers,
design companies, universities and offices, professional societies, financial firms,
city and state and minimum twelve federal government agencies (Landman,
1999, p. 20).
1.3.3.2 The Greening of the White House
Greening the White house was the instruction given by the newly elected
President of U.S Bill Clinton 1993. White house has the tradition of accepting and
demonstrating the new technology innovation. By taking the initiative of greening
the White House had increased and improved the environmental and energy
performance of the building. The outcome of this exercise had reduced the waste,
controlled the energy consumption and improved the proper use of renewable
resources. The Department of Energy carried out the auditing of energy
performance of the White House. By year 1996, $300,000 annual savings has
been achieved from water, energy, landscaping and solid waste costs and also
the reduction in the emission of carbon by 845 metric tons (House, 1994). About
$1.4 million savings was achieved by the White House greening project in the
first 6 years. The major changes made to the building were insulation, lighting,
heating, air conditioning, energy and also minimizing the water and energy
consumption. (Kubba, 2012, p. 10).
The successful greening of the White House encouraged the government to take
further steps towards sustainable development. Pentagon, U.S department of
Energy headquarters and the Presidio were also instructed to be given the green
treatment. A memorandum of understating was signed between United State
Department of Energy and AIA/COTE in 1996, to conduct joint research and
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development (R&D) and to promote and start the series of building projects in
21st century. (Duro-Last Roofing, et al., 2003, p. 5).
As the rapidly increasing growth of green building in U.S set an impression that
though the green building U.S has large numbers but the in Europe GreenBuilding has been more advanced then U.S. One of the few huge projects of
Green building by such as Foster and Partners (London) is Commerzbank
headquarters in Frankfurt opened in 1997 was recognized as the greatest
skyscraper in Europe. It is also the Europes tallest building with 60 stories. Other
major projects include German Parliament also known as German Reichtag in
Berlin and the pickle shaped Gherkin in London are another great examples of
green movement in Europe (Yudelson, 2008, p. 5).
Figure 3: Evans Mills Our Hand in Greening the White House, (CBS Newsletter,1994).
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1.3.3.3 Green Building Movement in Asia
On other hand in Asia Green building movement gained momentum since 2000
where significant government initiative were taken to promote and bring
awareness towards the Green Building introduction in respective Countries.
Japan, India and China took the imitative as being the largest energy consumers
in Asia. Since 2000 China has three new building standards has been issued by
China in order to make the energy savings of the building sector possible by 30
to 50 percent (Hong, et al., 2007, p. 22).
China, for example, has issued three new building standards since 2000. It has
increased the energy-saving target for new buildings from 30 to 50 percent. The
percentage of energy saving is different for the major cities as a higher target of65 percent was recommended for these cities. Targets were established for
making the existing building energy efficient. Japan the other largest energy
consumer country in Asia has been working on establishing the building energy
policies to meet and support the national goal of Carbon Dioxide emissions
reduction after the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in 1997. In 1999 Japan revised
the energy standards for both residential and nonresidential buildings. The
housing Quality Assurance law and also energy efficiency labeling system was
made in 2000 in Japan. CASBEE stands for Comprehensive Assessment System
for Building Environmental Efficiency was established in 2004 and was updated
in 2006 (Hong, et al., 2007, p. 22).
Figure 4: Total energy consumption by buildings from 1980 to 2030 (Hong, etal., 2007, p. 8)
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The first national building energy standard for India was developed in 2001. The
goal was to ensure reduction of 25-40 percent of energy consumptions in new
building. Green Building movement in other Asians countries were also started
in the same time and building energy standards were revised and upgraded in
Singapore 1999, Malaysia 2001, Hong Kong 2005, Thailand 2001 to 2005, andthe Philippines 2005. South Korea has developed their first building energy
standard in 2004 (Hong, et al., 2007, p. 22).
1.3.3.4 Current Situation
Green building is still a new concept in many part of the world as the history of
sustainable building is few decades old. The demand of sustainable building
construction is increasing rapidly. Today, it is the requirement and need of the
occupants to have clean, environmentally friendly and safer homes for their use
(BStone, 2011).
As per the predictions by many observers, in the next 30 years half of the worlds
new building construction will occur in China covering area of 220 billion square
feet. It is nearly impossible to tackle with the world climate change without
introducing the energy efficiency in the buildings. Currently energy crisis is a
serious problem in major part of the world. Among worlds 40 largest cities by
population, mostly are not in the developed world. Some of these cities are,
Karachi and Lahore in Pakistan. Pune, Mumbai, Delhi in India, Beijing, Chonqing,
Wuhan in China. Out of 40 largest populated cities of the world there are only 2
cities in U.S and Russia, 1 in Japan, 1 in western Europe U.K and in developed
East Asia countries there is only 1 city from Singapore. These figures indicates
that there is a need of introducing sustainable buildings on a worldwide scale to
meet the energy shortages in the coming years. An attempts and efforts are being
made by the developers, architects and owners to discover whether it is possible
to construct a sustainable building on conventional building budget (Yudelson,
2007, p. 4).
Global building energy efficiency retrofit program of about US$5 billion was
initiated by Clintons Foundations Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI) in May 2007.
The objective of this initiative is to improve the energy savings and installation of
energy efficient products that can save the energy between 20 to 50 percent. 16
cities were selected for this project out of which 5 cities Karachi, Mumbai,
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Bangkok, Tokyo and Seoul are in Asia. Including Asia across the globe currently
there are many sustainable building project are going on. (Hong, et al., 2007, p.
4).
Green building design and construction has been the fastest growing building
trend which has been adopted globally. Newsletters, articles and magazines on
monthly basis on the current development of Green Building. Green Building
concept has been adopted by major part of the world. Even developing countries
like India has got its first Platinum Green Building CII Sohrabji Godrej Green
Business Center in Hyderabad in year 2003 as per LEED standards. It was also
the first LEED Platinum rate Green Building outside the U.S inaugurated in 2004
(Thring, 2009).
Pakistan having the similar environmental and energy issues as of India, but still
Green Building technology is not accepted and implemented the sustainable
building in the country. It is the matter of concern that in Pakistan building
construction is not done as per the need of the climatic changes. That results in
the extra energy consumption by the occupants and the owners (Tirmizi, 2010,
p. 3).
1.3.3.5 Green Building Rating Systems
It is necessary to discuss about the green building assessment tools which are
being used worldwide. What are the rating systems used in India as the climatic
conditions are quite similar to Pakistan? As right now there is no such practice
going on in Pakistan as far as green building rating systems are concerned.
Green building rating systems are required to examine whether the building isreally green against the predefined rating systems (Shailesh, 2012). Throughout
the world different building assessment tools are being used to determine the
environmental performance of a building through its life time. The different
parameters of the building against its design, construction and operation are
established through various set of criterias. The major reason of creating the
green building rating system is that the buildings are considered to be the largest
contributor to the worlds energy usage, waste management and diminishing
green space. (Modak, 2012).
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Some of the internationally used green building rating systems are as under:
BEEAM (Building Research Establishments Environmental Assessment
Method).
GB tool
Green Globe U.S.
CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building
Environmental Efficiency)
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design).
Table 2 contains the list of Green building assessment tools that are being used
worldwide. Column 2 in the table shows the development basis of each tool
(Fowler & Rauch, 2006, p. 3).
Table 2. Rating System Source(s)
Sustainable Building Rating Systems Development Basis
BREEAM (Building Research Establishments
Environmental Assessment Method)
Original
BREEAM Canada BREEAM BREEAM
BREEAM Green Leaf BREEAM, Green
Leaf
Calabasas LEED LEED
CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for
Building Environmental Efficiency)
Original
CEPAS (Comprehensive Environmental
Performance Assessment Scheme)
LEED, BREEAM, HK-
BEAM, IBI
GBTool Original
GEM (Global Environmental Method) For Existing
Buildings (Green Globes) UK
Green Globes Canada
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GOBAS (Green Olympic Building Assessment
System)
CASBEE, LEED
Green Building Rating System Korea BREEAM, LEED,
BEPAC
Green Globes Canada BREEAM Green Leaf
Green Globes US Green Globes Canada
Green Star Australia BREEAM, LEED
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design)
Original
LEED Canada LEED
LEED India LEED
LEED Mexico LEED
MSBG (The State of Minnesota Sustainable Building
Guidelines)
LEED, Green
Building Challenge '98,
and BREEAM
SPiRiT (Sustainable Project Rating Tool) LEED
TERI Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment
Original
TQ Building Assessment System (Total Quality
Building Assessment System)
Original
HK BEAM (Hong Kong Building Environmental
Assessment Method)
BREEAM
Table 2: Sustainable building rating systems (Fowler & Rauch, 2006, p. 3).
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1.3.3.6 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED )
There are many rating systems followed in the world. But it is noticed that LEED
rating system is the most accepted and used system worldwide. In fact many
other systems are influenced by LEED rating concept and processes. It is also
called as mother of all rating systems (rating, 2012). U.S Green Building Council
(USGBC) was formed in 1993. With its formation, it was observed that there is a
need of system that could review and measure green buildings. In 1998 U.S
Green Building Council developed Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design also called as LEED green building rating system. In the same year, 1998
first LEED pilot project program was initiated. It is also called LEED Version 1.0
and it was presented in USGBC Member Summit in August 1998 (Council, 2009,
p. 7).
It is possible to achieve large range of cost savings and occupant benefits with
the help LEED certification. It also include the lower operating cost, increased
asset value, better indoor air quality, reduced landfill waste, reduced energy
consumption and greenhouse gas emission and other benefits. There are four
levels of certification in LEED Green Building rating system. These rating
includes:
Certified: 26-32 points
Silver: 33-38 points
Gold: 39-51 points
Platinum: 52-69 points (India, 2007, p. XVII).
These points correspond to the number of credits that can be obtained in the
Green Building design categories:
Sustainable sites: 14 points
Water efficiency: 05 points
Energy and atmosphere: 17 points
Materials and resources: 13 points
Energy and atmosphere: 17 points
Indoor environmental quality: 15 points
Innovation and design: 05 points
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Minimum 26 points are require for a building to get LEED certification (Johnston,
2009). The new and nest version of LEED also named as LEED v4 will be
launched in fall of 2013 and builds on the core fundamentals of the current version
of LEED while streamlining the certification process and will put more emphasis
on performance of the building. Already beta version of LEED v4 is beingimplemented in more than 100 building projects in 11 countries (Crea, 2013).
In Pakistan, there have been no building constructed as per international
standards. Though there different projects in Pakistan with sustainability
approach but still no such project is linked with LEED rating (Hyder, 2010).
1.3.3.7 LEEDIndia
Where as in India green building movement started in 2001 with the
establishment of Indian green building council (IGBC). Confederation of Indian
Industries (CII) took the initiative for the formation of Indian green building council
along with the World Green Building Council (WGBC) and U.S Green Building
Council (USGBC). The LEED India Core committee was set up by the Indian
Green Council (IGBC) to concentrate on LEED specifications to be moulded as
per Indian context. The committee consisted of architects, industrial
representatives and building owners. Then the very first Indian LEED rating
system, also called as LEED India Version 1.0 was launched at the Green
Building Congress Conference in October 2006. LEED India is also called as
LEED India Green Building Rating System for new construction and Major
renovations (India, 2007, p. XIII).
Now Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design India (LEED-India) is
globally recognized and accepted for the design, construction and operation of
the high performance buildings. As it provides the basic tools and helps theowners, architects, facility managers to design, construction and operate the
green building as per the international standards. By recognizing in the key 5
areas where LEED- India promotes the entire approach of the building to
sustainability.
Sustainable Site Development
Water Savings Energy Efficiency
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Materials Selection
Indoor Air Quality
As shown in the figure 5, in India LEED Certified buildings are increased to 120
by 2010. There is also increase in the registered building in India. The total
number of registered buildings in India are 720. India achieved 442mn sq. ft. of
green building footprint by 2010 (India's leading real estate, 2010).
1.3.3.8 Situation in Pakistan and LEED Earth
Green building movement in India and also LEED India has been discussed in
detail in this report because of the fact that Pakistan has the similar climatic
conditions as of India. This is a matter of concern as Pakistan government is not
taking this issue seriously. On the other hand the neighbouring countries like India
and China are far ahead in implementing Green Building technology in their
respective countries. So to start with the green building approach and its
implementation in Pakistan, it could be possible to adopt the LEED- India ratingsystem and guide lines to bring the green building awareness in Pakistan on a
Figure 5: Growth of LEED certified buildings in India (India's leading real estate,2010)
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larger scale. Keeping in view the great benefits of green architecture in Pakistan
but unfortunately this concept has to find an application in Pakistan. Also green
building implementation in Karachi Pakistan which is largest city and economic
hub, can overcome existing electricity shortages. Sustainable building concept is
spreading rapidly across the globe but in Pakistan no such efforts in theapplication and implementation of sustainable theory is seen as per international
standards (Hyder, 2010).
For countries like Pakistan where LEED certification has not yet implemented or
got introduced, by adding a new layer to LEED Earth campaign U.S Green
Building Council (USGBC) who created the LEED green building rating system
is offering a free certification of LEED to the first ever Platinum projects thatcertify using the latest version of LEED. This is an attempt to promote sustainable
development around the world (Crea, 2013).
LEED Earth was announced to encourage the sustainable development and
green building practices around the world by offering free certification for the very
first project in 112 countries where LEED has yet to take root. LEED Earth is a
new benchmark and opportunity for the businessman in building design,
construction, operations and maintenance so that they could have greater aim
and target of achieving energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.
Pakistan is also included in the list of 112 countries (Release, 2013).
1.3.4 Green Building Strategies for Pakistan
There is high energy need in the industrialized countries so the quantity of energy
consumption is more. But in developing countries the proportion of energy usageis higher in the building sector due to the inefficiency of systems and its more
significant than the developed countries because there is extreme energy
shortages. In Pakistan Building sector consumes 43 percent of total energy
produced whereas 10 percent of the energy is used in the transportation and
manufacturing of the materials and components (World resource institute, 2007;
as cited in Tirmizi, 2010). It is a matter of serious concern that most of the building
constructed in Pakistan are not designed as per the climatic conditions. It is
observed that the excessive use of concrete and glass materials along with use
of high level of illuminations and heavy reliance on space conditioning are the
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common features of our buildings. So in Pakistan owners and occupants
consume extra energy in order to make the living comfortable for themselves. By
improving the building design it is possible to reduce the energy bills by 20
percent and this figure can be 50 percent with the proper use of energy efficient
appliance (Enercon, 2008; as cited in Tirmizi, 2010).
1.3.4.1 Our Buildings today
As shown in the Fig. 6, buildings today consumes 40 percent of the total world
energy and they are responsible for 45 percent of the carbon dioxide emissions.
40 percent of freshwater consumption, 70 percent of all timber consumption, 40
percent of human produced waste and also 50 percent of the worlds material
consumption (OECD, 2010; as cited in Tirmizi, 2010, p. 1). As discussed earlier
the amount of energy consumed is greater in any industrialized countries for
example in United Kingdom 56 percent of the energy is utilized in order to operate
the buildings, and 10 percent is used in the manufacturing of the materials.
Where as in United States buildings consume 39 percent of energy and 68
percent of electricity, also 38 percent is utilized in carbon dioxide emissions and
49 percent of the sulphurdioxide, 25 percent of the nitrogen oxides and 15 percent
Figure 6: Our buildings today world over (Tirmizi, 2010, p. 2).
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is used in the manufacturing and transporting of the building material. As far as
energy consumption in Europe is concerned about 42 percent of the energy is
used by the buildings and 13 percent is utilized by the building materials (Tirmizi,
2010, p. 2).
Figure 8 show that the energy consumption per capita of Pakistan is 1/5th
of theOECD countries and also it is half of the worlds average. These figures shows
that possible increase in the energy demand will be excessive with the improve
standard of living and with the growth of gross domestic products unless some
actions are taken (Khan, 2007, p. 4).
Figure 7: Specific Consumption of the Total Primary Energy Supply per capita
(Khan, 2007, p. 5).
In Pakistan it is a normal practice that new buildings constructed in Pakistan are
not being designed as per the local climatic conditions. Also the material selection
such as concrete, glass, high levels of illumination and heavy dependence on
space conditioning are the common aspects of building design in Pakistan. So
there is lack of awareness as the owners and occupants are consuming extra
energy in order to make their lives comfortable. It is estimated that by improving
the building design as per the climatic conditions and by selecting the best
materials will decrease the energy bills by 20 percent and also this figure can be
0
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1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
TOE/Capita
OECD World Middle East Asia Pakistan
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improved to 50 percent with the usage of energy efficient appliances (Tirmizi,
2010, p. 3).
Green buildings are not only beneficial in reducing the energy consumption but
also they are helpful to avoid the global warming, reduce the demand on the
power grid, improve inside air quality and save consumers money. Now theselection of the procedure in the design and construction of new buildings in
Pakistan will definitely effects the energy use for many coming years. The most
economic process of developing a cost effective opportunity is catered by building
design and construction methodologies in such a way that they last for the lifetime
of the building. Thus it is critical to make energy efficiency a fundamental part of
sustainable building design and construction (Tirmizi, 2010, p. 3).
1.3.4.2 Construction industry of Pakistan
The changes developed in the recent times with the modernization in construction
industry and aim to construct the huge buildings has stretched the technology to
its limits. Introduction of the better and developed composition of high strength
concrete, structural steel, new cladding and glazing material, new developments
in glass industry, HVAC systems and air conditioning have brought greater
change in the construction industry. Such changes have resulted in the
environmentally adverse buildings. In order to maintain better indoor air quality,
these buildings are reliant on non-renewable energy resources and also on the
higher carbon foot prints which will increase the maintenance and operational
costs of the building through its life time. The traditional buildings of the past
were suited to the local weather conditions because the facilities were developed
over the years. On the other hand, the new age buildings are using mechanical
means to monitor the comfort level of the users. Moreover, due to the lack ofusable space, the clients and developers have to use the optimum space
available for development. Urban development has brought to the fore excessive
heat, pollution and greenhouse gas emission that has prompted for renewable
energy use for mechanical HVAC and other associated tasks (Tariq, et al., 2012,
p. 18).
Building construction industry of Pakistan is considered to be the largest industry
in terms of whole volume of natural resources and material consumed, economic
expenditure, volume of products and materials manufactured, employment
opportunities produced and its environmental impacts. Huge amount of material
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consumption is done in Pakistan construction industry. Due to the increase of the
housing demand, there has been increase in the material need is observed in the
last 2 decades. Which doubled the demand of brick, steel and cement (Tirmizi,
2010, p. 4).
As per the table 3 below, the raw material used for the building construction is
actually utilizing the earth resources on a larger scale. As for the brick making
procedure, it is a common practice that the valuable and precious top soil is being
continuously and rapidly consumed.
Material Period
Mud, stones, wood/thatch Prior 8000 BC
Sun dried bricks 6000 BC
Pottery products 40008000 BC
Burnt bricks 4000 BC
Lime 3000 BC
Glass 1300 BC
Iron products 1350 BC
Lime-pozzolana cement 300 BC476 AD
Aluminium 1808 AD
Portland cement 1824 AD
Plastics 1862 AD
Table 3: Historical development of Building materials (Reddy, 2004).
In Pakistan we have variety of arable land comprises of different types of soil for
example black soil, red soil, laterite soil alluvial soils and desert soil. Area under
the soils suitable for brick making may not exceed 50% of the arable land. The
attempts in making the bricks to meet the present and future demands can utilize
and consume the fertile topsoil of arable land in about 100 years (Lunt, M. G.,
1980; as cited in Tirmizi, 2010, p. 4). Similarly the pressure on raw materials like
limestone to manufacture cement and energy requirements to produce these
materials has to be addressed.
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Production of construction materials has gradually transitioned from concentrated
labour intensive approaches to a mechanical approach, which relies more on
modern day machinery. This concentrated production methodology requires the
transportation of raw materials and dispersion of finished products over large
areas. These activities again require spending of fossil fuels for transportation.Another concerning and serious issue is the transportation of finished and raw
materials which can be the reason of the increased energy requirements, material
cost and environmental issues (Reddy, 2004).
The commonly used building material in Pakistan such as cement, brick steel,
aluminium, glass etc. are transported over a long distance. The use of such
material can drain the natural energy resources and could be harmful to the
environment. But the fact that with the use of only energy efficient materials such
as mud, thatch, timber its not possible to meet the desired growing building
construction demands. So it is necessary to utilize the available energy resources
and raw materials to develop energy efficient, environment friendly and
sustainable building alternatives and techniques to satisfy the increase the
increasing demand for buildings. Some of the guiding principles in developing
the sustainable alternative building technologies can be summarized as follows
(Tirmizi, 2010, p. 5):
Use of renewable energy sources.
Energy conservation
Decentralized production and maximum use of local skills
Minimize the use of high energy materials;
Concern for environment
Environment-friendly technologies
Minimize transportation and maximize the use of local materials and
resources
Utilization of industrial and mine wastes for the production of building
materials
Recycling of building wastes (Tirmizi, 2010, p. 5).
If the manufacturing of the building technologies are being done as per these
principles then they could become sustainable and efficient sharing of the energy
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resources will result in the minimum damage to the environment (Tirmizi, 2010,
p. 5).
As we know building materials uses large quantity of natural resources, in other
words construction activities utilizes 60 percent of the raw materials. Salvaging
building materials and reusing them not only saves energy but also reduces the
greenhouse gas emissions. It will be done by minimizing the need to extract and
process raw materials and shipping of new material from a long distances. The
negative impact on the environment will be reduce as the greenhouse gasses
generated from the waste decomposition, the requirement to build new landfills
or the emission of the air pollutions from waste burning (EPA, 2012).
1.3.4.3 Current challenges
In present time, one of the serious threats to our planet is the climate change.
There are various factor that causes the climate change. One of the major factor
that is putting negative environmental effect to the climate are buildings. To give
way to buildings resources such as forests, water, and energy are depleted.
Today, as per the expert analysis energy utilization in the building sector for its
construction and operation is twice as much as of cars and trucks. As per the
experts there will be 40 percent increase in the energy consumption of building
by 2050 emitting 3800 mega tons of carbon which is actually causing global
warming (Mohindroo, 2008, p. 6). Buildings and construction works have the
largest single share in global resource use and pollution emission. Figure 8 shows
that the OECD countries where the built environment is responsible for the 30
percent of the raw material, 30-40 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions,
25-40 percent of total energy use and 30-40 percent of solid waste generation.
30-40% of global greenhouse gas emissions and for 20% of water effluents
(Isover Sustainable insulation, 2009).
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Figure 8: Share of built environment in pollution emission and resource use(Isover Sustainable insulation, 2009).
The requirement of green buildings in Pakistan based on some major factors. Thefollowing factors are explained to develop an idea why and how green building
can safeguard the future of Pakistan.
1.3.4.4 Energy gap
In the present time, energy crisis is the major threat to Pakistan. The current
energy crisis in Pakistan has effected badly all fields of society. There is constant
increase in the gap between the electricity demand and supply every passing
day. It is need of the time to bring the change in the lifestyle and attitudes at the
national level to conserve electricity in order to overcome the energy gap. Energy
conservation is the only short term measure which can fill the gap between
demand and supply. We can save a lot of electricity through energy conservation
which must be taken immediately to cope with the shortage of electricity. With the
ongoing energy failures in Pakistan has destroyed 50 percent of the industrial
sector which results in the increase of the unemployment. It increases the costs
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of services and goods which has also effected the fixed income group (KHAN,
2011).
Domestic consumption of electricity in Pakistan is 45 percent of the total electricity
produced. Large portion of energy in buildings in Pakistan are used in heating,
lighting and cooling and derived from non-renewable sources. With the
application of green building practices with its alternative renewable sources to
power buildings, and energy efficient methods in new as well as existing buildings
will reduce the energy demand (Ebrahim, 2009).
Figure 9 shows the electricity demand touched the record of 20000 MW in year
2010 in Pakistan, whereas the total power generation for the electricity is
approximately 15000 MW. The other major problem is the power theft. While it is
impossible to precisely measure theft (as opposed to line loss), it is obvious that
it creates a sizable proportion of Pakistan's overall 30 percent energy loss rate.
In the past Pakistan army was given responsibility to check and control the illegal
connections to transmission lines and rigged meters. That action has helped to
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25000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Forecast of Pakistan Power Generation and Consumption
Generation Consumption
Figure 9: Forecast for Pakistans power generation and consumption (WorldNews, 2005).
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increase revenues, but power theft is just one part of the financial problems for
the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) (World News, 2005).
Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan and also economic hub. But the most
alarming situation is the electricity short fall in the city. The duration of electricity
load shedding is approximately 57 percent of the time from 10 am till 12 pm
midnight. Green buildings can be useful in controlling the huge electricity load
shedding. With the installation of photovoltaic panels (PV) which convert the
sunlight in to electricity can cover more than 20 percent of the electricity demand.
Also if there is more uncovered area in the building than number of photovoltaic
panels (PV) can be increased which could meet the electricity demand up to 50
percent (INPAPERMAGZINE, 2011).
According to the Petroleum institute of Pakistan, from year 2008 till 2022 the
expected energy growth in Pakistan will be doubled energy consumption as percapita basis from 381 kg per capita to 700 kg per capita. A quantity of energy
saved via efficiency and conservation measures during this time span would
Figure 10: Pakistan energy outlook 2008-2022, (OICCI Energy Subcommittee,2006, p. 14).
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enable our independence from foreign imports and decrease financial pressure
on our native resources (OICCI Energy Subcommittee, 2006, p. 14).
The application of energy reducing techniques and procedures in existing and
new buildings will help out in overcoming the energy crisis in the country. It is the
need of time to implement the Pakistan building energy code in new buildings
and existing building are required to be renovated as per the standards
mentioned in the code. The government needs to embark on a programme to
encourage energy reduction in buildings in the form of incentives and rebates to
the private sector that undertake these kinds of projects. Pakistan`s building
energy codes should be enforced in new buildings and in existing buildings to be
renovated. Future generation should be aware of the green building concept in
Pakistan by promoting education in this field. So the design and construction of
green buildings in the country will help in reducing the building energy usage
without sacrificing comfort (Ebrahim, 2009).
1.3.4.5 Air Pollution
In Pakistan air pollution is the serious concern, as polluted air hits directory the
respiratory system. Air is essential for all living creature in the world without which
no one can survive for a couple of minutes. This is manmade environmental
disasters that are currently taking place all over the world including Pakistan. The
rate of air pollution is much more in the third world countries as compared to the
developed countries. Pakistan is also included in the list of these third world
countries. There are various reasons which causes air pollution in Pakistan for
example, brick work emissions, industrial smoke, hospital waste etc. Brick kiln
emission produces gasses like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons
and particulates like dust are extremely dangerous for the environment and health
of the living organisms itself living in its surroundings (ISMAIL, et al., 2012).
Burning of fossil fuels produces air pollutant gasses such as particulates, nitrogen
oxides, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. Particulates cause illness whereas
nitrogen oxide are a component of smoke. Sulphur dioxid