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Changing Social Structures
Taylor Edwards1st Hr
AP European History
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- the composition, functions, and interrelations of social class
Social Structure
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Causes of Changing Social Structure● Commercial Revolution● Population Growth● Falling Value of Money
○ Agricultural prices rose○ Caused inflation○ Drove land and rental prices up
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Social Class● 3 Parts
○ Nobility○ Bourgeois ○ Poor
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• Those who lost money sought positions in the King’s court or high offices in the Church• Became more concerned
with civil pursuits- eg. the education of their children• Became more diverse-
some lived in leisure, others worked hard in government• Began to place more
importance on ancestry and high birth
Nobility
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Bourgeois ■ French word referring to the middle levels of
society between the aristocracy and the poor■ Increased greatly in the 16th Century■ The size, occupation, and importance of the
Middle Class varied between countries■ Composed of three levels
○ Urban Elite○ Clergy○ Lower Middle Class
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Urban Elite● Governed towns● Made money from rural
property, commerce, or government work
● Might intermarry with low nobility
● Common professions: merchants, bankers, shipowners, lawyers, doctors, and judges
● Aristocratic children who were not heirs to an estate were often lawyers, doctors, or judges
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Clergy● Drawn from all social classes● Some poor parish priests● Noblemen in the position of
Bishop or Abbot● Mostly drawn from the
Middle Class● Children of Protestant priests
were important contributors to the middle class
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Lower Middle Class
● Small retail shopkeepers● Innkeepers● Owners of simple workshops● Lesser tradespeople
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Poor■ Included
● Unskilled wage laborers ● Unemployed● Unemployable● Paupers● Beggars
■ Largely Illiterate ■ Mercantilist governments had failed in an effort
to put all the poor to work■ Common Occupations- tending livestock, digging
mines, fisherman, casual labor, domestic service of nobility
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Charitable Relief
• The idea of mass charity appeared in the end of the 16th century• English Poor Law of
1601• Believed that begging
was a public nuisance • Poor should be
segregated into workhouses or hospices for the good of society• Most of the poor did not
receive this relief
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Social Role of Education● Education took on a new social importance● The Catholic and Protestant Reformations
created a demand for educated clergy ● The growth of commerce made it necessary to
have literate clerks and agents● Governments wanted employees from both the
nobility and middle class who could cooperate, understand finance, draft proposals, and keep records
● There was a widespread need for lawyers
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Founding of Schools● Philanthropy helped meet the need for education in England and France
● Scholarships were established
● Grammar schools (secondary education) were established in England
● The Ursuline Sisters founded 350 convents by 1700 for the purpose of educating women
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France● 92 colléges were
founded between the years 1560 and 1650
● Mme. de Maintenon, wife of Louis XIV, founded a school for the daughters of French nobility
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Universities● Dutch and Swiss Protestants founded the universities of Leyden and Geneva
● By the 17th Century Spain had ten times the number of universities they had in the Middle Ages
● 5 universities existed in Spanish America
● Oxford and Cambridge Universities were founded in England and gained a substantial amount of wealth
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Students● Mostly still made up of the nobility, but many
middle class boys were being given organized educations
● Groups like the hidalgos (lesser nobles) in Spain made up the largest group of people getting educations
● Intelligent poor boys had more opportunity for education in Europe than any time previously
● Wealthy girls were offered less organized schooling
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Social Role of Government● Government could boost economic growth
(England) or inhibit it (Spain)● Kings encouraged the rise of capitalism and a
business class by granting monopolies, borrowing from bankers, and issuing charters to trading companies
● Many people were advanced to the middle class by obtaining government positions
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Monarchs Establish Social Distinctions● Heavily taxed the
peasantry, but exempted nobility
● King could grant titles of nobility
● Those who were in society of the king were seen as more honorable
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Social Changes in Eastern Europe
● Commercial Revolution benefited the middle class in West and nobility in East
● East had a more intense feudal system due to lack of strong central monarchy
● Peasants served their wealthy landowner as subjects of a king
● Peasants were not allowed to leave the land, marry, or work for anyone else
● Prevented the growth of a strong middle class and weakened Prussia, Poland, Austria, and Russia.
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Works CitedA 19th century tour of the University of Cambridge. (2005). Retrieved October 8, 2013,
from New Boston Fine and Rare Books website:
http://www.newbostonfineandrarebooks.com/?page=shop/disp&pid=page_Cambrid
ge1&CLSN_1291=132698937012912a313e3d14cf968d0e
Antique prints. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2013, from Art Source International
website: http://www.rare-maps.com/details.cfm?type=prints&rid=251318
Grady, M., Sr. (2011, June 7). Prayer in the words of Andrea Merici. Retrieved October
8, 2013, from Ursuline Sisters website:
http://www.ursulinesisters.org/praywithus24
Kimball, W. (n.d.). Trombone history: 16th century. Retrieved October 8, 2013, from
Kimball Trombone website:
http://kimballtrombone.com/trombone-history-timeline/trombone-history-16th-cent
ury-2/
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Works CitedLouis XIV. (2013). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 12:31, Oct 09, 2013, from
http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xiv-9386885.
Madame de Maintenon. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2013, from Liternaute website:
http://www.linternaute.com/histoire/magazine/dossier/06/elles-ont-regne/
maintenon.shtml
Palmer, R.R., Colton, J., & Kramer, L. (2002). Changing social structures. In L. Uhl
(Ed.), A history of the modern world (Ninth ed., pp. 112-117). Boston, MA:
McGraw-Hill Companies.