Download - Chap1: Communication Process
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CHAPTER 1: COMMUNICATION PERSPECTIVESBy: Miranda Emery
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INTRO: WHY IS ORAL COMM. IMPORTANT?
Communication skills, team work skills, and interpersonal abilities
For example: engineering National Association of Colleges and Employers Top 10 skills from graduates: #1: COMMUNICATION (face-to-face, presentational, and writing)
#3: Teamwork #5: Analytical #8: Interpersonal #9: Problem-solving
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COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Participants (who)
Sender- Send/transmit
message
Receiver- Interpret message
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COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Message (what)- verbal, visual,
nonverbal behavior to which meaning is
attributed
Meaning- Your thoughts and interpretation of others’
messageNot
transferable
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COMMUNICATION PROCESS
To get meaning, we encode and decode symbols within a
message.
Encode- Putting
thoughts/feelings into words,
nonverbal cues, and images.
Decode- Process of interpreting another’s message.
Symbol- words, sounds, and actions that represent
ideas/feelings.
Form- Organization of
message.
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CONTEXT (SETTING)
Context: Setting including what precedes and follows what is said.
5 types: Physical Social Historical Psychological Cultural
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CONTEXT (CONTINUED)
Physical: Location, environment (temperature, lighting, noise), distance between participants, and time of day.
Social: Nature of the relationship Historical: Background from previous communication
Psychological: Moods and feelings each participant brings to the interaction
Cultural: Values, beliefs, orientations, underlying assumptions, and rituals prevalent among people in society
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CHANNELS: ROUTE AND MEANS
Face-to-face 3 basic channels
Verbal symbols Nonverbal cues Visual images
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CHANNELS (CONTINUED)
Technology mediated Same 3 basic channels, though nonverbal cues become emoticons and acronyms
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COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Interference (noise)- Any stimulus that hinders the process of sharing meaning.
Physical - Sights, sounds,
and other things within
the environment.
Psychological -
•Internal noise
(thoughts)• Semantic
noise (symbols)
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COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Feedback- Reactions and responses to a message that
indicate to the sender whether and how the message
was heard, seen, and interpreted.
Confused look, nod, or saying, “I understand.”
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COMMUNICATION SETTINGS
Differ by number of participants and interaction characterization (formal/informal)
Types: Intrapersonal: In your mind (talking to yourself)
Interpersonal: Informal between 2 people Small group: 3-20 Public: Communication delivered to more than 20
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COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
#1: Communication has purpose 5 purposes:
Develop/maintain sense of self Meet social needs Develop/maintain relationships Exchange information Influence others
#2: Communication is continuous
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COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
#3: Communication messages vary in conscious thought Occur spontaneously (without much thought)
Based on a learned “script” Constructed based on understanding of a situation
#4: Communication is relational Reflect two aspects:
Immediacy: Degree of liking or attractiveness in relationship
Control: Degree one participant is perceived to be dominant/powerful
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COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
#5: Communication is guided by culture Culture: System of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. Shared beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors.
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The word "swastika" comes from the Sanskrit svastika - "su" meaning "good," "asti" meaning "to be," and "ka" as a suffix.Until the Nazis used this symbol, the swastika was used by many cultures throughout the past 3,000 years to represent life, sun, power, strength, and good luck.
Source: http://history1900s.about.com/cs/swastika/a/swastikahistory.htm
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COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
#6: Communication has ethical implications 5 ethical standards:
Truthfulness and honesty mean refraining from lying, cheating, stealing, and deception
Integrity means maintaining a consistency of belief and action
Fairness means achieving the right balance of interest without regard to one’s own feelings and without showing favor to any side in a conflict
Respect means showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas, even if we don’t agree with them
Responsibility means being accountable for one’s actions and what one says
#7: Communication is learned
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COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
Communication competence: The impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in a given situation. Communication is effective when it achieves its goals; it is appropriate when it conforms to what is expected in a situation.
Perceptions of competence depend, in part, on personal motivation (want to), knowledge (of what is involved), and skills (goal-oriented actions).
Credibility: perception of speaker’s knowledge, trustworthiness, and warmth.
Social ease: Managing so you don’t appear nervous/anxious.
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COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
“The fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.”
4 types: Traitlike: Anxious in most speaking situations
Audience-based: Only to certain people or group
Situational: Short-lived during specific encounter (e.g. job interview)
Context-based: Anxiety in a particular situation
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COMMUNICATION SKILLS IMPROVEMENT
1: State the problem 2: State the goal 3: Outline a specific procedure for reaching the goal
4: Devise a method for determining when the goal is reached.
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THANK YOU(TY, )