CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1
Contact, Conflict, and Exchange
in the Atlantic World to 1590
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I. The First AmericansI. The First Americans Maya, Aztecs and Hohokam become early
advanced societies Eastern Woodlands peoples reside between
Atlantic Ocean and Appalachian Mountains Algonquian and Iroquois were two major
language groups Scattered groups were diverse, but similar
Nature-based shamanic religions Importance of kinship groups Economies of agriculture, hunting, gathering ,and
fishing Women and men had different, but comparable, roles in
society
“America Before Columbus”
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Inca Empire and Principal Earlier Cultures
II. Beginning of European II. Beginning of European Overseas ExpansionOverseas Expansion Exploration encouraged by Prince Henry “the
Navigator” of Portugal Exploration and discovery aided by technological
advances Astrolabe Quadrant Square and lanteen rigged sails caravela redondo Introduction of shipboard cannon
“Europe and West Africa in the 15th Century,”
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III. Africa and the Atlantic III. Africa and the Atlantic Slave TradeSlave Trade Diverse West African cultures share common
features Trade links with outside world Conversion to Islam Traditional religion in interior Societies hierarchy dominated by patriarchs
African slavery different from Atlantic slave trade -- social rather than economic
Slavery sustained by plantation system
Africa’s Trade Routes, 15th
Century
IV. Spain and Portugal Divide IV. Spain and Portugal Divide the Globethe Globe Spain and Portugal vie for trade dominance Spain funds Columbus’s voyage to the New
World Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), divides sphere of
influence at 370 leagues west of Azores Portugal controls trade to Africa and India Spain controls most of New World England and France joins into exploration with
John Cabot and Giovanni da Verrazano
European Explorations, 1492-1542
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V. The Spanish Empire in AmericaV. The Spanish Empire in America
Spain explores region from Mexico to Florida Vast majority of natives killed by European
diseases Small, well organized Spanish military forces
overcame native empires Columbian Exchange begins Religion becomes conflict between natives and
explorers Spanish establish imperial government Spain’s New World economy is tied to mercantilism Spanish establish encomienda system
Mexico Under the Aztecs, 1519
Principal Spanish Explorations of North America
Spanish Empire and Global Labor System
VI. Protestant Northern Europeans VI. Protestant Northern Europeans Challenge Catholic SpainChallenge Catholic Spain
Protestant Reformation causes conflict The major Reformation leaders were Martin
Luther and John Calvin French Protestants (Huguenots) had little early
success Act of Supremacy (1534) established Church of
England Spanish Armada (1588) British privateers damaged Spanish trade and
helped establish early British colonies
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Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions Describe the Native American civilizations that
existed before Columbus’s arrival. Include examples from North America, Central America,
and South America. Shortly after Columbus, Spanish conquistadors
explored and conquered a huge empire in America. How was this accomplished?
How did Spain rule its empire in the New World? What part did religion and mercantilism play on the encomienda system?
What was the Restoration? What was its role on exploration of the New World?