Chapter 1 Geography Powerpoint Review
The following slides show a map with areas marked by letters. Determine
what geographical features those letters stand for and then go to the next slide to
see if you were correct.
Bodies of Water
A - Pacific OceanB - Gulf of MexicoC - Atlantic Ocean
Mountain Ranges
A - Appalachian MountainsB - Sierra Nevada
C- Rocky MountainsD - Cascades
Physical Regions
A- Pacific Coast B - Interior Plains
C- Intermountain RegionD - Appalachian Mountain
E - Coastal Plains
Rivers
A - Missouri RiverB - Mississippi River
C - Ohio RiverD - St. Lawrence RiverE - Rio Grande River
Colonies
New England ColoniesA- New HampshireB - MassachusettsC - Rhode IslandD - Connecticut
Middle ColoniesE - New York
F - PennsylvaniaG - New JerseyH - Delaware
Southern ColoniesI - MarylandJ - Virginia
K - North CarolinaL - South Carolina
M - Georgia
What do we call the study of the people, land and resources of an
area?
geography
What do we call a person who
studies history?
historian
Who researches and finds
information for historians?
Social scientists
What do we call a first hand account?
Primary source
Where did the first Native
Americans come from?
Siberia in Asia across a land
bridge
What do we call a second hand
account?
Secondary source
Is the following a primary or
secondary source –
encyclopedia
secondary
Is the following a primary or
secondary source –
journal
primary
Is the following a primary or
secondary source –
letter
primary
Is the following a primary or
secondary source –
video tape
primary
Is the following a primary or
secondary source –
text book
secondary
Is the following a primary or
secondary source –
biography
secondary
Is the following a primary or
secondary source –
autobiography
primary
Is the following a primary or
secondary source –
song
primary
What type of source is the
most reliable?
primary
What do we call the average
weather over a period of time?
Climate
What do we call the total way of life of a group of
people?
culture
How did the first Native Americans get to the North
America?
Across a land bridge
What 5 tribes made up the
Iroquois Confederacy?
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga,
Oneida, Mohawk (SCOOM)
What did the Iroquois call themselves?
Haudenosaunee
What do the Iroquois call corn,
beans and squash?
3 sisters
What did the Iroquois live in?
Longhouses – this is an adaptation to their woodland
environment in New York State
What did the Iroquois base
their time upon?
Nature and the seasons
What word means a person’s descent is traced
through the female?
matrilineal
What was the sixth nation to
join the Iroquois Confederacy?
Tuscarora
Who were the founders of the
Iroquois Confederacy?
Deganawida, Hiawatha
What are shells used for
communication and trade called?
wampum
What were the 3 reasons for
Spanish colonization of the Americas?
God, Gold and Glory (3 G’s) –
remember I might word these
differently
What do we call the transfer of goods
and ideas between the new and old
world?
Columbian Exchange
What were the two main jobs for
the French settlers?
Trapping and trading
What was the main occupation of the people of
New Netherlands?
Fur trading
What European country originally
controlled Canada?
France
How did Spanish settlement affect
the Native Americans?
Death, slavery,
Native Americans lost land
What European country controlled much of Central
America and Mexico?
Spain
What European country controlled
originally controlled New York State?
The Netherlands (also known as Holland or the
Dutch)
What do we call a passageway through or
around North America?
Northwest Passage
What Native American tribe became friends with the Dutch?
Iroquois
What Native American tribes became allies of
the French?
Algonquins and Hurons
What are assemblies and
legislatures?
Lawmaking bodies
What do we call people who agreed to work in exchange for
their trip to the colonies being paid
for?
Indentured servants
What goods were traded from Africa to
the West Indies as part of the Triangular
Trade Route?
slaves
What region grew wheat, barley and
rye?
Middle Colonies
What types of goods were traded from
England to the colonies as part of
the triangular trade route?
Manufactured goods
In the triangular trade system, what
goods were sent from the West Indies to the
colonies?
Sugar and molasses
(and slaves from Africa)
What colonial region was
educated through private schools?
Middle colonies
Which regions farmers were
mostly subsistence
farmers?
New England
What colonial region was educated through public
schools? (So they can read hte3 Bible.)
New England
What do we call the series of
trading routes found in colonial
times?
Triangular trade
What region was known for its shipbuilding?
New England
What was the name for the series of laws passed to
control the slaves?
Slave codes
What colonies legislature was
called the House of Burgesses?
Virginia
What do we call a person who
learned a trade from a master
craftsman?
apprentice
What religion was associated with
Maryland?
Catholic
What was the name of the slave trip from Africa to
the colonies?
Middle Passage
What was the theory called which said that a country became strong by increasing trade and
building up its gold supply.
mercantilism
What do we call the rich area of the Southern
Colonies?
tidewater
What colony did the Puritans and Pilgrims settle in?
Massachusetts
What are crops called which are sold for a profit?
Cash crop
What was the name for the document which the Pilgrims
wrote telling how they were going to govern
their settlement?
Mayflower Compact
What is the belief that one race is
superior to another?
racism
What colonial region was known
as the Breadbasket
Colonies?
Middle Colonies
What do we call the area next to the Appalachian
Mountains?
backcountry
What was the religion
associated with Pennsylvania?
Quakers
What were the German speaking
people of Pennsylvania
known as?
Pennsylvania Dutch
In the triangular trade system, what
goods were sent from the colonies
to Africa?
Tools, fish, lumber, etc.
(things found in the colonies)
Which region was home to
plantations?
Southern Colonies
What region was the most religious?
New England (mostly
Massachusetts)
What was the first permanent
English settlement in the
New World?
Jamestown
What word means a
willingness to let others practice
their own beliefs?
toleration
What region had rocky soil?
New England
What was the general name for goods such as lumber and iron, which were traded
from the colonies to England?
Raw materials
What were the main crops of the
Southern Colonies?
Tobacco, indigo and rice
What type of labor dominated
southern plantations?
slaves
What do we call goods entering a
country?
imports
What do we call goods leaving a
country?
exports
Where did the French and Indian War begin?
The Ohio River Valley.
What was the cause of the French and Indian War?
The cause of the French and Indian War was the fur trade with the Native Americans. It was also part of a series of wars that had been going on
for the last 100 years between France and Britain.
What territory did France claim before the war
began?
France controlled much of modern day Canada as well
as the Mississippi River valley.
What tribe was an ally of the British in the French
and Indian War?
Iroquois
What advantages did the French have in the French
and Indian War?
They fought like the Native Americans using the trees for cover. They also had
only 1 government in North America which made
decisions a lot easier to be made.
What disadvantages did the English have in the French
and Indian War?
The English tried to fight the war as they would in
the open fields of Europe. They did not take
advantage of the cover offered and were easy targets for the French.
What did the Treaty of Paris say?
Most of the French land in the colonies was given to
Britain.
Who proposed the Albany Plan of Union?
Ben Franklin
What was the purpose of the Albany Plan of Union?
To unite the colonies to plan for defense. It didn’t
work because colonies didn’t want to give up any
power.
What act forbid settlers to move west of the
Appalachian Mountains?
The Proclamation of 1763 forbid settlers to move west
of the Appalachian Mountains. Many settlers ignored this proclamation. Britain was trying to stop settler / Native American
conflicts over land.
What act, passed in 1765, placed taxes on legal
documents such as wills, diplomas, marriage papers, newspapers, playing cards
and even dice?
The Stamp Act.
What was the colonists reaction to the Stamp Act?
Riots broke out in cities like New York. Mobs harassed
British tax officials by throwing rocks and tarring and feathering them. They hanged or burned effigies
of the British officials.
A huge complaint the colonists had was that of
“No taxation without representation!” What did
this mean?
“No taxation without representation” arose because
the colonists did not elect anybody to the British
Parliament. The colonists claimed that Parliament could
not tax them because they were represented in Parliament.
What does boycott mean?
Boycott means to refuse to buy certain goods. It was a
very common and successful means of colonial protest. The
boycott caused the Stamp Act to be repealed.
What does repeal mean?
Repeal means to cancel. The Stamp Act was
repealed after the colonial boycott.
In 1767 the Townshend Acts were passed. What did
the Townshend Acts tax?
The Townshend Acts taxed glass, paint, lead, paper
and tea. These were very important colonial goods.
What was the colonists reaction to the Townshend
Acts?
The colonists responded to the Townshend Acts by getting
merchants to sign nonimportation agreements.
Nonimportation agreements said that these people would stop importing British goods that
were taxed by the Townshend Acts.
The Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty were also formed. These were
groups of men (and women) who protested
British actions.
This person was a failure on business. He lived in
Boston where he was a leader of the Sons of
Liberty. He organized the committees of
correspondence. Who was he?
Sam Adams
What were the committees of correspondence?
The committees of correspondence were a group of people who wrote letters
telling people in other colonies what was going on in the writers colony. They were started by Sam Adams in
Boston.
This lawyer from Massachusetts was Sam
Adams cousin. His knowledge of British law was very helpful to the colonists. Who was he?
John Adams
The Quartering Act was passed in 1767. What did the Quartering Act say?
The Quartering Act said that colonists had to house and feed British soldiers.
The Boston Massacre happened on March 5, 1770. What was the
Boston Massacre?
In the Boston Massacre, British soldiers shot and killed 5
colonists. They were mostly Sons of Liberty. The colonists provoked the British into firing. The Sons of Liberty used this
event to get people mad at the British.
Britain repealed much of the Townshend Acts in 1770. It did keep the tax on tea. This small tax was designed to show the colonists that Parliament did
have the right to tax the colonies.
Parliament gave the British East India a monopoly of the tea trade with the Tea Act in 1773. This put
many colonial merchants out of work. It was a very small tax but
the colonists believed in “no taxation without representation.”
What did this lead to?
The Tea Act led to the Boston Tea Party. 342 crates of tea
were dumped into Boston harbor. There were similar responses in several other
locations. Colonists throughout the colonies agreed to boycott
tea, often making their own substitutes.
Britain was not happy with the Boston Tea Party. It
responded with the Intolerable Acts which were
designed to punish the colonists of Massachusetts. What were the Intolerable
Acts?
The Intolerable Acts shut down the port of Boston.
Ships could not come into or leave the port which made it very difficult for the citizens of Boston to get supplies.
Other colonies sent supplies by land.
A new Quartering Act was also passed. This made colonists who weren’t too happy with the British house British soldiers. This raised
tensions in Boston. Town meetings were also limited to 1 a year. This was designed to keep the people of Massachusetts from
organizing against the British.
The Intolerable Acts also said that British officials would be
sent back to British to stand trial if they committed a crime. It
was widely believed that these people would face no
punishment in England since witnesses could not afford to go
to Britain to testify.
How did the colonists react to the Intolerable Acts?
The committees of correspondence sent
supplies to help Boston. The First Continental Congress also met in
Philadelphia in 1774. What was the first Continental
Congress?
The First Continental Congress was a meeting of
12 of the colonies. It agreed to boycott British goods. Each colony was urged to set up its own
militia or volunteer army.
What was the “Shot Heard ‘Round the World?”
This referred to the Battle of Lexington and Concord.
Colonial minutemen (soldiers who could be ready at a
moments notice) stood up to the British. Why did this
battle take place?
The British were trying to destroy guns and ammunition
at Concord and capture leaders of the Sons of Liberty. The
British were unsuccessful and were attacked on the way back to Boston, being defeated by
the Minutemen.
It was called the “Shot Heard ‘Round the World”
because news of this battle spread to all corners of the
Earth.
Who was the great speaker for Virginia? He had a fiery temper and was a member of the House of Burgesses.
Patrick Henry. He was known for saying “Give me liberty, or give me death!”
What is the name given to colonists who sided
with the British?
Loyalists
Who wrote Common Sense, the document which told the
colonies that it was obvious that they should separate from
Britain?
Thomas Paine
What do we call a person that betrays their country?
traitor
What was the name given to the colonists army?
Continental
Which army was better supplied with guns, equipment, etc.?
British
The French joined the war after what battle?
Saratoga
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
What was another term for loyalists?
tories
Where did the Americans spend a cold and hungry winter?
Valley Forge
Which country had a navy strong enough to blockade their enemy’s
ports?
Britain
The British tried to divide the colonies in two. What city did they want to take so they could cut off New England from the
rest of the colonies?
Albany
What was the final battle of the war?
Yorktown
What battle was the turning point of the war?
Saratoga
The Declaration of Independence was signed on what date?
July 4, 1776
Document that sets out the laws
and principles of a government
constitution
What is the main part of the
Legislative Branch?
Congress
What are the 3 branches of
government?
Legislative, Judicial and Executive
Branch of government which
makes the laws
Legislative branch
Document that lists freedoms the
government promises to
protect
bill of rights
What was our first Constitution called?
Articles of Confederation
Who is the main person in the
Executive Branch?
President
Who had the most power under the
Articles of Confederation?
states
The Articles of Confederation
formed a __?___ alliance of states.
The Articles of Confederation formed a loose
alliance of states.
What was the main problem of the Articles
of Confederation?
Congress was too weak
Power of the Supreme Court to decide
whether laws passed by Congress are Constitutional
Judicial review
What was the original purpose of the Constitutional Convention?
Revise the Articles of Confederation
What is the main group in the Judicial Branch?
Supreme Court
In what year did the Constitutional
Convention take place?
1787
What is the job of the Judicial Branch?
Make sure the laws are constitutional.
The __?__ Compromise called for a bicameral
legislature and 3 branches of government.
Great
What was the compromise regarding
slavery at the Constitutional Convention?
3/5ths Compromise
What were the people who supported the Constitution called?
Federalists
What was the name of the group against the
Constitution?
Antifederalists
Formal written change (to the Constitution)
amendment
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton
and John Jay were part of which group during
the ratification debate?
Federalists
What group wanted a bill of rights added to
the Constitution?
Antifederalists
Patrick Henry was a leader of which group during the ratification
debate?
Antifederalists
System of government in which
voters elect representatives to
make laws for them
Representative government
How long do Supreme Court
justices serve for?
life
What did the Bill of Rights protect?
Individual rights
Where is the principle of
popular sovereignty
found?
The Preamble
What does popular sovereignty mean?
The power of the government
comes from the people.
What is the job of the Legislative
Branch?
Make the laws
Branch of government which
carries out the laws
Executive branch
Settlement in which each side gives up
some of its demands in order to reach an
agreement
compromise
System is which the power of the
government is divided among
separate branches
Separation of powers
Division of power between the states
and national government
federalism
System set up by the constitution in which each
branch of the federal government has the power to control the actions of the other
branches
Checks and balances
reject
veto
What allows Congress to
increase its power in times of
emergency?
The elastic clause
Overrule. Congress can override a
President’s veto if two thirds of both houses
vote to do so.
override
Bring formal charges against an
elected official
Impeach – Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the
only 2 presidents to be impeached
Right of every citizen to the same
fair rules in all cases brought to
trial
Due process
approve
ratify
national
federal
reject
veto
Not permitted by the Constitution
unconstitutional
Example set for later people to
follow
precedent
Congress is a bicameral or two
house legislature. What two houses
make up Congress?
Senate and the House of
Representatives.
Proposed law
bill
What is the head of the Supreme Court called?
Chief Justice
Who fought on the British side in the War of 1812. He was able to get lots of Native Americans to help
fight the Americans.
Tecumseh
Who was the American General who won a great victory at
New Orleans & Horseshoe Bend?
ANDREW JACKSON
What were the MAIN causes of the war of
1812?
• impressment of American sailors by the British
• War Hawks
What do we call people from the South and West who wanted the War of 1812?
WAR HAWKS
What were the results of the War
of 1812?
Nothing…..things returned to what they were before the war
began.
*Called the Wasted War
What were 3 precedents set by
George Washington?
• CABINET
• 2 TERMS
• ACTED LIKE ROYALTY
What region of the country favored
protective tariffs?
North - it protected their factories
What was the name for the statement
Washington made which warned the U.S. to not take sides in the war between France and
Britain?
Neutrality Proclamation
Why was the Louisiana Purchase
necessary?
NEW ORLEANS WAS NEEDED AS
A PORT FOR WESTERN FARMERS.
Who was President when we did the
Louisiana Purchase?
JEFFERSON
What country did we purchase
Louisiana from?
FRANCE
What year did we purchase
Louisiana?
1803
Who were the 2 people sent to
explore Louisiana?
LEWIS AND CLARK
Who led the Democratic Republicans
(Republicans)?
THOMAS JEFFERSON
What political party was Pro British, Pro National
Bank, had a loose interpetation of the “C”
and were wealthy & well educated?
FEDERALISTS
What political party was for strong state governments, strict interpretation of the“C”, for the common people and Pro French?
REPUBLICANS
What do we call a tax on foreign goods brought into a country?
TARIFF
What is a tax placed on
imported goods to protectprotect factories
from foreign competition?
PROTECTIVE TARIFF
What term means to cancel?
NULLIFY
What word means taking men from a ship or village and
forcing them to serve in the navy?
IMPRESSMENT
What word means pride or devotion in
one’s country or nation?
NATIONALISM
What was the age of prosperity when
Monroe was President called?
Era of Good Feelings
Who was the spokesperson for
the South in the first half of the 1800’s?
John C. Calhoun
Who was the spokesperson for
the North in the first half of the 1800’s?
Daniel Webster
Who was the spokesperson for
the West in the first half of the 1800’s?
Henry Clay
What statement told Europe to stay out
of the Western Hemisphere?
(watchdog policy)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
What word means that all people are
equal? (this favored common people)
democratic
Who were the 2 most democratic presidents at this
time?
Jefferson and Jackson (remember DJ –
democratic Jackson and democratic
Jefferson)
Who was the famous Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court in the first
half of the 1800’s?
John Marshall
What court case established judicial
review?
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
Who was the guide for Lewis and Clark?
Sacajawea
Who was the leading War Hawk?
Henry Clay
Who was the President during the
War of 1812?
James Madison
What was the name of the battle which
was fought after the war was over?
New Orleans
Who became president as a result
of the ”corrupt bargain?”
John Quincy Adams
What canal linked Buffalo (and the Great Lakes) to
Albany (and New York City)?
Erie Canal
In what year was the Erie Canal built?
1825
What was the name of the political party led by Jefferson? It
favored the common people.
Democratic- Republicans
(commonly referred to as the
Republicans)
What was the name for the party of the
common people when Jackson was
President?
Democrats
What was the political party called which favored the rich and business
people?
Federalists
What was the name for the change in the ways goods were made and
produced?
Industrial Revolution
What were some of the changes during
the Industrial Revolution?
1. Cities grew2. Machines
replaced hand tools3. New sources of
power
What invention made growing cotton
profitable by making it easier to remove the seeds, changing the
way of life of the South?
Cotton gin
Who invented the cotton gin in 1793?
Eli Whitney
Who brought the ideas for factories
from Britain?
Samuel Slater
What is the name given to machine made parts that
were exactly alike?
Interchangeable parts
Who came up with the idea of interchangeable
parts, allowing assembly lines to
revolutionize factories?
Eli Whitney
What do we call it when supporters
are rewarded with government jobs?
Spoils system
What do we call the advisors that
Jackson actually listened to?
Kitchen cabinet
Congress passed a high protective tariff in 1828. What did the South call this
tariff?
The tariff of Abominations.
Calhoun said that states could declare a federal law illegal. What is this called?
nullification
Calhoun believed that states had the power to limit the power of
the national government. What is
this called?
States’ rights
What did South Carolina threaten to
do in the nullification crisis?
Secede or withdraw from the United
States
What tribe used legal means to keep
their land?
Cherokee
What act forced Native Americans to
move West of the Mississippi?
Indian Removal Act (1830)
What was it called when the Cherokees
were forced to move west at
gunpoint?
Trail of Tears
What do we call the idea that the United States should stretch from sea to shining
sea?
Manifest Destiny
What was the name of the battle the people
of Texas lost that became a rallying cry
for the Texans.
The Alamo
How did Texas become a state?
It was annexed or added on.
Who won the election of 1844 on the slogan of “Fifty-four forty or
fight!”
James K. Polk
What was the name of the religious group who moved to Utah from upstate New
York?
Mormons
What culture group was found in all lands gained by the United
States during Manifest Destiny?
Native Americans
The following questions apply to the time period around the
Civil War.
Does the North or South Have more
industry?
North
Does the North or South Have more
slaves?
South
Does the North or South have a more
agricultural economy?
South
Does the North or South Have more
railroads?
North
Does the North or South have more
immigrants settling in its cities?
North
Does the North or South have a
greater population?
North
What were laws called which were designed to keep
slaves under control?
Slave codes
What region of the country was famous
for its traders?
North
Where did Northern factories get their
cotton?
South
Who did the South get manufactured
goods from?
The North and Britain.
What do we call people who worked
to correct the problems of society?
reformers
What was the slavery reform
movement called?
abolition
What was the alcohol reform
movement called?
temperance
Who was the best known African-
American abolitionist?
Frederick Douglass
What was the name of the network of abolitionists who
helped slaves escape to freedom?
Underground railroad
What escaped slave woman made 19 trips to help slaves escape on the underground
railroad?
Harriet Tubman
Who was the women’s rights
advocate who later had her picture on a
dollar coin?
Susan B. Anthony
What was the name of the convention
designed to bring attention to the
problems women faced?
Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
What are corporations?
A corporation is a business owned by investors. The
investors by stock, or partial ownership in the company. If
the business does well then the stockholders (owners) get a share of the profits called
dividends.
What was the North’s strategy during the Civil War?
Chain – Saw – Seize. They wanted to blockade the southern coast so the Confederacy could not receive supplies (chain). They wanted to
cut the South in half by controlling the Mississippi River (saw). They
wanted to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond
(seize).
What was meant by the term Manifest Destiny?
Manifest Destiny was when James Polk was President in the
1840’s. The United States believed it was their right, even
their destiny to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean. The U.S. gained the Mexican Cession, Oregon and
Texas at this time.
Who are muckrakers?
Muckrakers were journalists who exposed the corruption found in the cities during the Progressive
Era. Thomas Nast made political cartoons of William “Boss” Tweed showing his corrupt practices. Ida
Tarbell was a muckraker who targeted big businesses. Lincoln
Steffens reported on the corruption in city governments.
What was the strategy of the Confederacy during the Civil
War?
Keep fighting until the North got tired and gave up.
What was the difference between the 13th, 14th and 15th
amendments?
All 3 amendments were part of the period of Reconstruction. The 13th Amendment freed the slaves. The 14th Amendment made the former
slaves citizens. The 15th Amendment said you couldn’t
keep somebody from voting due to their race. You can remember the
amendments in order by the phrase free(13) citizens(14)
vote(15).
What was the Great Plains like for farmers?
Farmers were able to get cheap land because of the Homestead
Act which gave 160 acres to farmers if they farmed the land for
5 years. These farmers were known as sodbusters because they had to break through the thick sod
to farm. They eventually used barbed wire around their farms
which closed the open range and stopped cattle drives.
What happened to Native Americans as more settlers
moved west?
Settlers moved west to get land and to go to the gold rushes in California (1849)
and the Black Hills (1870’s). Native Americans tried to keep their land but often got into fights such as Little Big Horn where General Custer was killed
and Wounded Knee. Buffalo were killed for meat and sport until they almost disappeared destroying the Native
Americans culture. Most Native Americans were sent to reservations.
The Dawes Act tried to get the Indians to be farmers, unsuccessfully.
How were the rights of blacks limited during and after
Reconstruction?
Black Codes limited the rights of African Americans after Reconstruction. States required a poll tax to vote. Poor blacks could not afford this. A literacy test was sometimes required. Blacks had been
forbidden to read as slaves so most couldn’t pass the test. White people who couldn’t read were able to vote thanks to the grandfather clauses which said if your father or grandfather voted then so could
you.
Were the laws the same for whites and blacks after
Reconstruction?
The case of Plessy vs. Ferguson established that separate but equal facilities was legal. This led to many Jim Crow Laws that
separated black and white people in restaurants, buses
and other places.
What do we know about the steel industry in the late
1800’s?
The steel industry was dominated by Andrew Carnegie. He used the
Bessemer process to create cheap, strong steel. This steel was later used as supports in
skyscrapers.
How did books and pictures expose the problems found in
society around 1900?
Jacob Riis used pictures and wrote the book How the Other Half Lives to show rich people
what life was like in the tenement slums. Upton
Sinclair wrote The Jungle which graphically showed what life was like in the meat packing
town of Chicago.
What was going on with slavery before the Civil War?
Abolitionists were trying to get slavery in the South stopped.
Harriet Beecher Stowe, an abolitionist, wrote Uncle Tom’s
Cabin which aroused anger against slavery in the North. It was a major cause of the Civil
War.
What is sectionalism?
Sectionalism is loyalty to your section of the country. The
South was an agricultural area with slaves. They had little manufacturing or railroads. The North was much more
populated than the South. It had a lot of industry and
railroads.
How did businesses eliminate competition?
Some railroads offered rebates. These were secret discounts to
people who shipped a lot of goods to get their business. Rebates raised the prices for
small farmers. They would also get involved in price wars.
What were the characteristics of the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution had many characteristics. There was a shift to new sources of power such
as electricity. Cities grew as people came to the cities work in factories. The assembly line was
used in factories as goods became more machine made. The first automated assembly line was
in Henry Ford’s car plant.
How did some businesses become giant?
A goal of businesses was to become a monopoly. A monopoly was when a business controlled most of a certain
industry. Sometimes they would form trusts which is when 1 board of
directors ruled over several corporations. John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust was one of the
largest. Reformers used the Sherman Antitrust Act to try to break up trusts
although judges used it to weaken labor unions that were striking.
What is Teddy Roosevelt known for?
He was the first conservation President. He, along with Gifford
Pinchot and John Muir tried to stop the destruction of the American
countryside. One of his goals was to break up the trusts. He was fairly
successful and became known as the trustbuster. He wanted everyone to
have a Square Deal or the equal opportunity to be successful.
What was the women’s rights movement?
This movements main goal was to get suffrage, or the right to vote, for women. At the Seneca Falls Convention, the Declaration
of Sentiments was passed. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were
staunch advocates for women’s rights. Women eventually got the right to vote with the 19th Amendment in 1920. Many women also joined the temperance movement to
stop the use of alcohol. They saw that alcohol was destroying families. Carry Nation was a prominent woman in this
movement. The 18th Amendment (1919) made the sale of alcohol illegal.
What do we know about labor unions?
Labor unions were groups of people who tried to get better conditions for workers
during the Industrial Revolution. Terence Powderly founded the Knights of Labor which was too idealistic. Samuel
Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor which set more realistic goals. Early judges usually
sided with business owners when unions tried work stoppage called strikes to get
better conditions. The Sherman Antitrust Act was used against unions at
first.
What do we need to know about African American rights
around 1900?
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
was established to push for more rights for blacks. Booker T. Washington pushed for equality but said unfair treatment was o.k. until blacks were educated and rich enough
to be equals. He founded Tuskegee Institute, a college for black people. W.E.B.
Du Bois wanted equality quicker and criticized Booker T. Washington. George Washington Carver was a great scientist
who made many discoveries such as
peanut butter.
Who were the military leaders during the Civil War?
Robert E. Lee from Virginia was the Confederate leader for
much of the war. The North had many leaders until Ulysses
S. Grant became a very successful leader.
What was the most important battle of the Civil War?
Gettysburg is often known as the turning point of the war. The North gained momentum after this battle. The Battle of the Monitor vs. the Merrimack,
two ironclad ships, was the most famous battle at sea.
What was the Gettysburg Address?
In the Gettysburg Address Lincoln said that the war was a
test of whether democracy would be able to survive in the
United States. It was also made to honor the dead at
Gettysburg.
Who was president during the Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln was president of the United States and
Jefferson Davis was for the Confederacy.
What was the Emancipation Proclamation.
Lincoln freed the slaves with the Emancipation Proclamation.
It did not apply to border states because he didn’t want to anger them so they might
leave the Union. This changed his goal for the war from
keeping the United States Union together to also freeing
the slaves.
What industry do we associate the industrial giant J.P. Morgan
with?
J.P. Morgan was a giant in the banking industry.
What industry was Cornelius Vanderbilt involved in?
Vanderbilt started off in the steamship business but is most
famous for his ruthless behavior in dominating the
railroad industry.
What are push factors?
Push factors are things such as religious and political
persecution which drove people from their native
country to the United States. The Irish potato famine is
another example of a push factor.
What are ethnic groups?
Ethnic groups are groups of people from the same country. They often lived in ghettoes in cities. A ghetto was an area
with a dominant ethnic group. Ghettoes helped to provide
support for immigrants when they first arrived in the United
States.
What was the 54th Massachusetts?
The 54th Massachusetts was a group of black soldiers with white officers. They faced
discrimination before finally becoming famous for their
bravery at Fort Wagner.
What advantages did both sides have in the Civil War?
The South had better leaders and were fighting a defensive
war. The North and much more people, more railroads to transport supplies and soldiers and factories to make goods.
What was sharecropping?
Sharecropping was when freedmen farmed a white person’s land, using
the white person tools and seed. They had to give a share of their crop back
to the landowner. Often the white land owner was their former master.
They were locked into a cycle of poverty because they never made
enough money to pay off the cost of the seed and tools so they were
unable to leave and buy their own land.
What was the transcontinental railroad?
The Transcontinental Railroad made it possible to travel from
the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean by train. It attracted many Chinese
immigrants to help build the railroad.
What was the free enterprise system?
The free enterprise system is when private individuals own businesses. The goal of these businesses is to make a profit.
Who was the Wizard of Menlo Park?
Thomas Edison was the Wizard of Menlo Park. He was
responsible for hundreds of inventions including the
phonograph and an effective light bulb.
What are pull factors?
Pull factors are things in the United States which attracted
immigrants. They included the promise of cheap land and jobs
in factories. Family that was already established in the
United States also drew people. Religious and political freedom
were also pull factors.
Where did many immigrants come to when they landed in
the United States?
Immigrants from Asia on the west coast often landed at
Angel Island in San Francisco while European immigrants
usually landed at Ellis Island in New York City.
What was assimilation?
Assimilation is when immigrants tried to become Americanized.
Some people believe in the melting pot theory of
Americanization where all cultures combined into 1 culture. The salad bowl theory says that
Americans share some culture while maintaining their own
traditions.
How did voters gain power during the Progressive Era?
During the Progressive Era voters got many more rights. They could
introduce an initiative which is when they introduced a bill
directly to the state legislature. A referendum allowed voters to put
a bill on the ballot for the next election. Recalls allowed the
people to remove corrupt officials from office.
What was the Civil Service Exam?
The Civil Service Exam is a test so that the most qualified
people are able to get government jobs. This was an
attempt to end the spoils system which is when people got government jobs because
somebody owed them a favor, regardless of their
qualifications.
What was our foreign policy for the first 100 years of our country’s
existence?
We were isolationists starting with
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation (1793).
This was due to the fact that we were weak militarily and were
separated from Europe by the Atlantic Ocean.
What is imperialism?
Imperialism is when a strong country
attempts to influence the economic and political affairs of a weaker country.
What is economic imperialism?
Economic imperialism is when the United States got involved
in another country for economic reasons. Examples include controlling a place for its raw materials or as a place to trade. This idea went along
with dollar diplomacy as presented by Teddy Roosevelt,
which called for the U.S. to have its businesses go into a
country to try to gain influence there.
What were the reasons given for U.S.
expansion in the age of imperialism?
Expansion allowed the U.S. to increase trade. There was
also the desire to spread Christianity and democracy.
We had settled all of the land that is now the U.S. so
we now had to gain land elsewhere. There was also
competition with other countries. If we didn’t get
land then they would.
What was going on in China in the late
1800’s?
China, once a powerful nation, had failed to
industrialize and fell prey to more powerful nations.
Many European countries and Japan
established spheres of influence, which were
areas where the country had special trading
privileges.
What about the United States?
The U.S. didn’t have a sphere of influence. As a way to get involved in the Chinese trade it proposed
the Open Door Policy. The Open Door Policy allowed a country to
trade in the sphere of influence of another
country.
Did the United States get involved in the
problems of Cuba in the late 1800’s?
Yellow Journalists exaggerated the cruelty of the Spanish leader General Weyler. When the American warship the Maine was blown up they coined the phrase “Remember the Maine”
which got the U.S. citizens demanding war. The U.S. sent down troops to help the Cubans. The most famous
group involved were the Rough Riders, a mix of cowboys and college students
led by Teddy Roosevelt. The most famous victory was when the Rough Riders helped to take San Juan Hill.
What did the United States get after the Spanish – American
War?
Cuba was freed and the U.S. got Guam, the Philippines and Puerto
Rico.
How did we get permission to build the
Panama Canal?
The U.S. offered Colombia $10 million
dollars plus $250,000 for the right to build the canal. When this was unsuccessful the U.S. backed up a revolt by
Panama and got permission from Panama
for the same deal.
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
This built upon the Monroe Doctrine(1823)
which told Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. The
Corollary said the U.S. could intervene to
preserve peace in Latin America. (and protect our business interests)
What was the Big Stick policy.
This was based upon the statement “Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.” What it meant was that the U.S. would say what was to
happen in South America and use force to back up
what we said if necessary.
What were the 4 underlying causes of World War I?
MilitarismAlliances ImperialismNationalism
What term means pride in your country?
Nationalism.
What term means when a country takes over a weaker
country either economically or politically?
Imperialism. European countries had colonies
throughout Asia and Africa before World War I. There was competition between countries to get more colonies which led
to tension.
What term refers to when a country builds up its military?
Militarism. Remember the RISK example. When one nation
starts building up its army then others rush to do the same
thing.
What is it called when a country has a secret
agreement to help another country if the country gets in
trouble?
Alliances.
What was the original position of the United States regarding
World War I?
They were neutral. There were people of German ancestry, Russian Jews (Russia was an
Allied nation and had persecuted Jews) and Irish Americans (disliked Britain)
who wanted to help the Germans. There were many people who supported the
Allies because of their British ancestry.
What is propaganda?
Propaganda is when somebody spreads ideas to hurt an opposing cause or help a
particular cause. The Germans used propaganda to try and get
Allied soldiers to join the Central Powers. The United
States used propaganda to get people on the home front to support the war. Examples include victory gardens and
Meatless Tuesdays.
What was the Zimmermann Telegram?
This was a telegram from Germany to Mexico. It
proposed an alliance between the two nations if the United
States declared war on Germany. Mexico was to
attack the United States. They were also supposed to get Japan to help the Central
Powers. Mexico would receive the lands it lost in the Mexican
Cession when the Central Powers won the war.
Why were programs such as
-“Victory Gardens” -“Wheatless Mondays” -”Meatless Tuesdays”
heard in the United States during the war?
There was a shortage of food in Europe. Many farmers were
serving in the war. Much of the farmland had been destroyed during the war so not enough
food was being produced.
What were the Fourteen Points?
Wilson’s plan for peace after the war. The goal was to
prevent international problems from starting another war.
What was self-determination?
One of Wilson’s key goals. It called for national groups to
have their own territory and be able to set up their own
governments. Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia were created as a result of self-
determination.
What was the League of Nations?
Wilson called for a general association of nations whose
goal was to protect the independence of all nations.
The United States Congress did not pass the Treaty of
Versailles so the United States did not join the League of
Nations.
What were the goals for the treaty of Versailles, the treaty
which ended the war?
Wilson wanted to achieve peace. Europe wanted to
punish Germany fo the war. They wanted Germany to pay
reparations. (Pay for the cost of the war.) They wanted
Germany to admit that the war was their fault. They wanted to eliminate Germany’s military.
Germany was not invited to the peace treaty. The Europeans got their way on most points.
What did Americans think of the Treaty of Versailles?
They thought it was too harsh. Because of this, Congress
ejected the treaty and never joined the League of Nations that Wilson helped to create.
Describe Henry Ford’s automobile business.
Henry Ford used the automated assembly line to create the Model T. The automated assembly line allowed Ford to build a car in
93 minutes. The price of Model T’s dropped from $850 to $290 dollars. The
cars were black and boring but the average person could afford one. The ripple effect
of the car industry was that 4 million people worked in jobs related to the
industry. Roads were paved, restaurants and gas stations sprouted up and hotels
dotted the landscape. Cars allowed people to live in the suburbs and work in the city.
What was happening to the stock market in the 1920’s?
It was going up like crazy. People saw prices rising and did whatever they could
to take advantage of the bull market (prices going up). They bought stocks on margin which was when a person paid a certain percentage of the stock and then
borrowed the money to buy the rest. If the price of the stock went up people were able
to get rich. This is what was happening. People put all their savings into the stock
market. If the price of the stock went down, the people who bought on margin
would be in serious trouble.
What was prohibition?
Prohibition was due to the 18th Amendment. This made the making and
buying of alcohol illegal. People broke this law like crazy. Bootleggers made or
smuggled alcohol in from other countries. Speakeasies, or illegal bars, sprang up
everywhere. Organized crime developed to control the illegal trade in alcohol.
Government officials and police officers were bribed so that they wouldn’t raid
speakeasies. The “noble experiment” was a failure and prohibition was repealed with
the 21st Amendment.
What did the 19th Amendment do?
It allowed women to vote.
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
Harlem, in New York City, was a center of African American culture and pride. Jazz was huge here. Langston Hughes wrote
poems denouncing violence toward African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was a
rebirth in African culture.
What was the Sacco and Vanzetti trial?
Sacco and Vanzetti were immigrants and anarchists. They were brought to trial for murder and robbery. They were convicted and killed although it was more likely that they were killed for being anarchists and
immigrants than for committing the crimes. The judge trying the case was openly
biased against them.
What was the Quota Act of 1921?
This limited immigration to the United States. Immigration was open to a certain
number of people determined by the number of people from that country
already living in the United States. This favored immigrants from Northern Europe and basically shut many immigrants out of
the United States.
What was the Scopes Trial?
John Scopes was a science teacher in Chicago. He taught Darwin’s theory of
evolution. This was against the law. He was convicted. This trial attracted the best legal minds (Williams Jennings Bryant was
the prosecuting attorney and Clarence Darrow was the defense attorney) and also
the attention of the country.
What was the Ku Klux Klan?
The KKK was started after the Civil War to terrorize African Americans. Hatred toward immigrants led the group to gain strength
in the 1920’s. Now Catholics, Jews and immigrants as well as African Americans were targeted. They used hangings and other means to terrorize. The KKK was able to gain political influence in many
states.