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Chapter 1Matter & Change
1.2 Matter & Its Properties
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Matter• Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space.• Mass- measure of the amount of matter• Volume- amount of 3-D space an object occupies
ATOMELEMENT
COMPOUND
smallest unit of smallest unit of an element that an element that maintains the maintains the
element’s element’s properties properties
pure substance pure substance of only one kind.of only one kind.
made from atoms made from atoms of 2 or more of 2 or more
elementselements
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Properties• We use properties and characteristics to
define and group substances.
• Properties can be….
orExtensiveExtensive IntensiveIntensive
Depends on amount of matter present.
VolumeMass
Does not depend on amount of matter
present.Melting & Boiling
Points
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Physical vs Chemical• Characteristics that can
be observed without Δing the identity of the substance.
• Relates to a substance’s ability to undergo Δs that transform it into different substances.
& Boiling Point
Rusting
& Burning
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Physical Change• Physical Change-
change that does not alter the identity of the substance.
• Example:State Change- changes between the 3 states of matter.
*Only a change in distance & interactions btw particles, not chemically altered.
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Phase Differences
• Solid- has definite volume & shape; particles packed in fixed positions.
• Liquid- has definite volume & indefinite shape; particles close together but free-flowing.
• Gas- has indefinite volume & shape; particles are at great distance from each other.
• Plasma-high temperature, ionized phase of matter as found on the sun.
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Chemical Change• Chemical Change/Reaction- when 1 or more
substances are changed into DIFFERENT substances.
• Example: • Carbon plus Oxygen yields (forms) Carbon Dioxide
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide
ReactantsReactants ProductsProducts
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Conservation of Matter & Energy• Even though the substances have
changed & formed new substances, the amount of matter stays the same.
• When physical and chemical changes occur, energy is involved. (heat/light) It can be absorbed or released but NEVER created. It just changes form.
ConservConservation of ation of MatterMatter
ConservConservation of ation of EnergyEnergy
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Classification of Matter• Matter can be divided into 2 general categories,
mixtures & pure substances
• Mixtures More than 1 substance Each component retains its own properties Does NOT chemically
combine. Can be separated using
physical properties
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Separation Techniques
FiltrationFiltration
CentrifugeCentrifuge
DecantingDecantingPaper Paper
ChromatographyChromatography
VaporizationVaporization
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Separation: Distillation
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Two Types of MixturesHomogeneousHomogeneous
-uniform in composition
-same proportions throughout
-often solutions
HeterogeneousHeterogeneous-not uniform throughout
-unevenly distributed
malachite, a copper mineral
copper sulfate
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Pure Substances• Element or compoundElement or compound
– Same composition throughout (Homogeneous)
– Fixed composition– Every sample has the exact same
characteristic properties– Every sample has the exact same
composition – See pg. 18- Lab Chemicals
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Chapter 1Matter & Change
1.3 Elements
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Elemental Composition
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The Periodic Table
•
Vertical Vertical columns columns
Groups or Groups or FamiliesFamilies
Each element Each element in a Group in a Group has similar has similar properties.properties.
Horizontal Horizontal rows rows
PeriodsPeriods
Properties Properties change in a change in a
pattern across pattern across the Periodsthe Periods
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The Periodic Table
Below the table, are two rows Below the table, are two rows called the called the Lanthanide & Lanthanide & Actinide seriesActinide series. They . They
actually belong in the table actually belong in the table after the second column, but after the second column, but that would make the table too that would make the table too
long and awkward.long and awkward.
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MetalsMetals• Conduct electricity & heat• Typically solids at room
temperature EXCEPT Hg• Malleable- can be
hammered/
rolled into sheets• Ductile- can be drawn into a wire• Have tensile strength- ability to • resist breaking when pulled• Found in columns 1- 13*
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Nonmetals
• Poor conductors, Brittle• Br is a liquid at room
temperature.• C, P, Se, S & I are solids at
room temperature.• Rest are gases at room
temperature.• Fewer elements are
nonmetals than metals• Found in columns 13* - 17
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Metalloids/ Semimetals
• Separate the metals & nonmetals• Have characteristics of both• Solids at room temp.• Important contribution- as
semiconductors; Silicon• Found on the “stairs” between
columns 13 – 17
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Noble Gases• Generally unreactive• Gases at room
temperature.• Found in Group 18
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Former Names of Elements
L is Latin; G is Greek