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Chapter 1
Introduction to Digital VLSI Systems Design
Evolution of VLSI Systems
Category Date Density (gates)
Single transistor 1959 1
device
Logic gate 1960 1
Small Scale Integration (SSI) 1964 Up
to 10
Medium Scale Integration (MSI) 1967 10
- 100
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Large Scale Integration (LSI) 1972
100 - 1000
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) 1978
1000 – 10000
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) 1989
10000 & above
SLI/SOC Late 90s > 10 Million
Applications of VLSI Systems
• Digital cameras
• Digital camcorders
• Digital camera interface
• Digital cinema
• Digital Display
• Digital TV and Digital cable TV
• Digitizer for analog NTSC/PAL/SECAM
cameras
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• Display interface
• Mobile Phone
• FAX machine
• PDA
• Scanner
• Anti-lock brakes
• Automatic transmission
• Cruise control
• Global positioning system for automobiles
• Electro cardiograph
• Life-support systems
• MRI/CT scan
• LCD projector
• Low cost computer
• Mobile phone personal computers
• Scan pen and PC notes taker
• Automated baggage clearance system in
airports
• Avionic systems
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• Flight simulator
• Instrument landing system
• Ship controls
• Driverless shuttle
• Cruise controls
• Traffic Controller
• Washing machine
• Petrol/Diesel dispenser
• Demodulator for satellite communication
• Encryption/decryption
• Network card
• Network switches/routers
• Quadrature amplitude modulator (QAM) and
demodulator
• Wireless LAN/WAN
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Digital System Design using FPGAs
1. Formulate the detailed product specification.
2. Develop the detailed hardware architecture.
3. Code the architecture in a hardware design
language such as Verilog or VHDL.
4. Compile and simulate the design and, verify
the functionality.
5. Synthesize to map on to a target FPGA device
and optimize the logic.
6. Run the Place and Route tool for creating bit
stream of the design application.
7. Program the bit stream generated in step 6 in a
serial EPROM.
8. Design and fabricate the printed circuit board
to accommodate the FPGA, the serial EPROM
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and other components required for the end
application.
9. Solder the components and test the populated
FPGA board using the development system,
logic analyzer, pattern generator, etc.
10. Download the application bit stream from the
development system or the on-board serial
EPROM and verify the system functionality.
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Virtex FPGAs
Densities from 50K to 1M gates
System performance up to 200 MHz
66-MHz PCI Compliant I/Os
Built-in clock-management circuitry
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Four dedicated delay-locked loops (DLLs) for
advanced clock control
Four primary low-skew global clock
distribution nets, plus 24 secondary local clock
nets
Hierarchical memory system
LUTs configurable as
16-bit RAM
32-bit RAM
16-bit dual-ported RAM or 16-bit Shift
Register
Configurable synchronous dual-ported 4K-bit
RAMs
Fast interfaces to external high-performance
RAMs
Flexible architecture that balances speed and
density
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Dedicated carry logic for high-speed arithmetic
Dedicated multiplier support
Cascade chain for wide-input functions
Abundant registers with clock enable and, dual
synchronous/asynchronous set and reset
Internal Tri-state bussing
IEEE 1149.1 boundary-scan logic
Die-temperature sensor diode
Supported by FPGA Development Systems
Wide selection of PC and workstation
platforms
SRAM based in-system configuration
Unlimited re-programmability
Four programming modes
0.22 μm 5-layer metal process
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_____________________________________________________________
Virtex FPGA Architecture
Virtex Field Programmable Gate Arrays
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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Virtex FPGA Architecture (Courtesy of
Xilinx Inc.)
• Dedicated block memories of 4096 bits each
• Clock DLLs for clock-distribution delay
compensation and clock domain control
• Tri-state buffers (BUFTs) associated with each
CLB
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_____________________________________________________________
Configurable Logic Block
Two-Slice Virtex CLB (Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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Detailed View of Virtex Slice (Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
Virtex Block Select RAM Bits
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(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
Input/Output Block
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Virtex Input/Output Block (IOB)
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
_____________________________________________________________
Summary of Spartan-3 FPGA Attributes
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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Notes:
1. Logic Cell = 4-input Look-Up Table (LUT)
plus a ‘D’ flip-flop. “Equivalent Logic Cells”
equals “Total CLBs” x 8 Logic Cells/CLB x
1.125 effectiveness.
2. These devices are available in Xilinx
Automotive versions as described in DS314:
Spartan-3 Automotive XA FPGA Family.
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3. These devices are available in lower static power versions as described in DS313: Spartan-3L Low Power FPGA Family.
Number of RAM Blocks by Device
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
Features
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• Low-cost, high-performance logic solution for
high-volume, consumer-oriented applications
- Densities up to 74,880 logic cells (5 million
gates)
• Select IO signaling
- Up to 784 I/O pins
- 622 Mb/s data transfer rate per I/O
- 18 single-ended signal standards
- 8 differential I/O standards
- Signal swing ranging from 1.14V to 3.45V
- Double Data Rate (DDR) support
- DDR, SDRAM support up to 333 Mbps
• Logic resources
- Abundant logic cells with shift register
capability
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- Wide, fast multiplexers
- Fast look-ahead carry logic
- Dedicated 18 x 18 multipliers
- JTAG logic compatible with IEEE 1149.1/1532
• Select RAM hierarchical memory
- Up to 1,872 Kbits of total block RAM
- Up to 520 Kbits of total distributed RAM
• Digital Clock Manager (up to four DCMs)
- Clock skew elimination
- Frequency synthesis
- High resolution phase shifting
• Eight global clock lines and abundant routing
• Fully supported by Xilinx ISE development
system
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- Synthesis, mapping, placement and routing
• Low-power Spartan-3L Family and Automotive
Spartan-3 XA Family variants
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Spartan-3 FPGA Architectural Overview
Configuration
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Spartan-3 Family Architecture
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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Arrangement of Slices within the CLB
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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Simplified diagram of the Left Hand Side
SLICEM
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
Notes:
1. Options to invert signal polarity as well as other
options that enable lines for various functions are
not shown.
2. The index i can be 6, 7 or 8 depending on the
slice. In this position, the upper right-hand slice
has an F8MUX, and the upper left-hand slice has
an F7MUX. The lower right-hand and left-hand
slice has an F6MUX.
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Simplified IOB Diagram (Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
Configurable Logic Blocks Overview
Arrangement of Slices within the CLB
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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Diagram of SLICEM (Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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Diagram of SLICEL (Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
Logic Resources in a CLB
Slices LUTs Flip -
Flops MULT_ANDs Arithmetic & Carry-
Chains
DistributedRAM(1)
4 8 8 8 2 64 bits
Virtex-4 Logic Resources Available in all
CLBs (Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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Block RAMs
Xilinx FPGA Product Selector (Continued)
(Courtesy of Xilinx Inc.)
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FLEX 10K Series EPLDs
The industry’s first embedded programmable
logic device (PLD) family, providing System-on-
a-Programmable-Chip (SOPC) integration
– Embedded array for implementing mega-functions, such as efficient memory and specialized logic functions
– Logic array for general logic functions
High density
– 10,000 to 250,000 typical gates
– Up to 40,960 RAM bits; 2,048 bits per embedded array block (EAB), all of which can be used without reducing logic capacity
System-level features
– Multi-volt I/O interface support
– 5 V tolerant input pins
– Low power consumption (< 0.5 mA typical in standby mode)
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– FLEX 10K and FLEX 10KA devices support PCI bus
– FLEX 10KA devices include pull-up clamping diode, selectable on a pin-by-pin basis for 3.3 V PCI compliance
– Select FLEX 10KA devices support 5 V PCI buses
– Built-in Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) boundary-scan test (BST) circuitry compliant with IEEE Std. 1149.1 without consuming any device logic
– Devices are fabricated on advanced processes and operate with a 3.3 V or 5 V supply voltage
– In-circuit re-configurability via external configuration device, intelligent controller, or JTAG port
– Clock Lock and Clock Boost options for reduced clock delay/skew and clock multiplication
Flexible interconnect
– Fast track
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Interconnect continuous routing structure for fast,
predictable interconnect delays
– Dedicated carry chain that implements arithmetic functions such as fast adders, counters, and comparators
– Dedicated cascade chain that implements high-speed, high-fan-in logic functions
– Tri-state emulation that implements internal tri-state buses
– Up to six global clock signals
– Individual tri-state output enable control for each pin
– Open-drain option on each I/O pin
– Programmable output slew-rate control to reduce switching noise
– FLEX 10KA devices support hot-socketing
Peripheral register for fast setup and clock-to-
output delay
– Available in a variety of packages with 84 to 600 pins
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– Pin-compatibility with other FLEX 10K devices in the same package
Software design support and automatic place-
and-route provided by development systems for
Windows-based PCs, Sun SPARC station and HP
9000 Series 700/800 workstations
Additional design entry and simulation support
provided by EDIF, library of parameterized
modules (LPM), Design ware components,
Verilog HDL, VHDL, and other interfaces to
popular EDA tools from manufacturers such as
Cadence, Exemplar Logic, Mentor Graphics,
OrCAD, Synopsys, Synplicity, VeriBest, and
Viewlogic
FLEX 10K Device Features (Continued)
(Courtesy of Altera Corp.)
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FLEX 10K Device Features
(Courtesy of Altera Corp.)
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Functional Description
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FLEX 10K Device Block Diagram
(Courtesy of Altera Corp.)
Embedded Array Block-Logic Array Block
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Note:
FPF10K10, FPF10K10A, FPF10K20, FPF10K30,
FPF10K30A, FPF10K40, FPF10K50 and FPF10K50V
devices have 22 EAB local interconnect channels;
EPF10K70, FPF10K100, FPF10K100A, FPF10K130V,
and FPF10K250A devices have 26.
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FLEX 10K Embedded Array Block
(Courtesy of Altera Corp.)
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FLEX 10K LAB (Courtesy of Altera Corp.)
Notes:
1. FPF10K10, FPF10K10A, FPF10K20, FPF10K30,
FPF10K30A, FPF10K40, FPF10K50 and
FPF10K50V devices have 22 inputs to the LAB local
interconnect channel from the row; EPF10K70,
FPF10K100, FPF10K100A, FPF10K130V, and
FPF10K250A devices have 26.
2. FPF10K10, FPF10K10A, FPF10K20, FPF10K30,
FPF10K30A, FPF10K40, FPF10K50 and
FPF10K50V devices have 30 LAB local interconnect
channels; EPF10K70, FPF10K100, FPF10K100A,
FPF10K130V, and FPF10K250A devices have 34
LABs.
Logic Element
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FLEX 10K Logic Element (Courtesy of
Altera Corp.)