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Chapter 11 Assembly of Biomolecules
We’ve looked at the construction of monomers for the four classes of biomolecules. Now we will turn to how some of thosemonomers are turned into useful cell components, using proteins as examples
CO2
or othercarbon source
NH3
Also SO4-
Metabolic precursors
Amino Acids
Polypeptides
Mature, Functional Proteins
Modification, transport, etc.
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Protein Structure
--- Proteins took over most of the catalytic and structural rolesin cells because of the greater chemical diversity ofamino acids (20) vs. nucleotides ( 4-5)
--- Most proteins get their biological activity from their complexthree dimensional shape
--- The three dimensional shape of a protein is largely determinedby its primary structure or amino acid sequence
--- Most proteins have plastic three dimensional shapes that areconstantly changing in at least small ways and the energybarriers to larger structural changes can be quite small
Factors Affecting Protein Structure:
Temperature, pH, solvent effects (ionic strength/ polarity)
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Levels of Protein Structure and the Forces That Hold Them Together
Structural Force Components Level _____ ___________
1 peptide bond amino acids
2 hydrogen bonds -helices, -sheets, turns, etc.
3 Hydrophobic forces domains H-bonds, ionic, disulfides
4 as in 3 above whole active protein
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Secondary Structure Elements
Alpha-Helix
Beta-Sheet
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Stringing TogetherSecondary Structural Elements (Tertiary Structure)
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Making Proteins Useful: (Getting Them Where They Need to be)
Secretion: (General Secretory Pathway, GSP) --- Moving proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane--- Requires protein machinery and energy--- Protein is moved across membrane while unfolded
Posttranslational modifications:Disulfide formationSignal Sequence CleavageCo-Factor insertionLipidation (Lipo-proteins)Cleavage
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Start ofProtein
“Signal Sequence”in proteins to beexported across thecytoplasmic membrane
Cleavage
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Family # of Proteins Energy Source MovesABC (I SP) 3-4 ATP proteins
Sec (II SP) ca. 12 ATP & pmf proteins general secretory
Fla/Path (III SP) 30+ ATP toxins
Conjugative >10 ATP DNA (IV SP)
OM AutoTrans. 1* ? proteins (V SP)
Tat (VI SP) 2-4 pmf folded (RR system) proteins
Secretion Systems in Bacteria
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ABC Transporter
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General Secretory Pathway (Type II)
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