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Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry
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11 | 2
Nuclear Chemistry cont’dWhat is nuclear chemistry?
The study of reactions that result from changes in the nucleus of an atom
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’dIn nuclear chemistry specific atoms are called……
……..nuclides.
Nuclides are identified by two types of notation:
1.Nuclear Symbol
2.Element name-mass number
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
N15
7
mass number
atomic number
This is an example of a nuclear symbol .
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’dThe nuclear symbol can also be expressed as shown.
mass number
nitrogen-15
name of element
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’dPractice Questions
Write two notations for a nuclidethat has:
a.41 protons, 41 electrons, 55 neutronsb.11 protons, 11 electrons, 14 neutrons
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Radioactive Decay
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Nuclides are either stable or unstable
Unstable nuclides (or radionuclides)undergo radioactive decay.
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Radioactive decay is a nuclear reaction that emits radiation while changing the nuclide of one element into another.
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For example; the silver- 113 radionuclide decays to cadmium- 113 with the emission of a beta particle and gamma rays.
Ag Cd + 113 113
47 48
0
-1
0
0
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Types of Natural Radioactive Emission
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Three major types of natural radioactive emission:
Beta particle (an electron from the nucleus)
Alpha particle( the nucleus of a He atom)
Gamma rays (energy similar to x-rays)
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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Let’s look at Half-life
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
The half-life of a radionuclide is the time required for ½ of it to decay.
Half-life is frequently given the symbol t1/2.
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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Half-life Decay Graph for 80 mg of Iodine-131
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mf = mi
2n
1. mf is the f inal sample mass2. mi is the initial sample mass3. n is number of half -lives
Equation to Determine Final Mass of a Radionuclide
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Practice Problem I :
How many grams of cobalt -60 is left when 2.0 g of it decays for 15.9 years? It t1/2 is 5.3 years.
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Practice Problem II :
What is the t1/2 for the radionuclide potassium-45 ( a beta emitter) if a 50mg sample decays to 5.3 years.
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Let’s look at the Biochemical Effects of Radiation
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’dDegree of Penetration by BAG Radiation
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NPenuclear Chemistry cont’d
Alpha .. No damage to skin .. Why? ( greatest damage when ingested… Why?)
Beta ….. Severe burns to skin… Why?
Gamma….. Severe damage to skin and internal organs….. Why?
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This is the last powerpoint slide in this chapter
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This is the last powerpoint slide in this chapter
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→ Fig. 11.4 Ernest Rutherford was the first person to carry out a bombardment reaction.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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→ Table 11.2
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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CC 11.1 Tobacco RadioactivityNuclear Chemistry cont’d
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→ Fig. 11.6 In the U-238 decay series, each nuclide is unstable except Pb-206.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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← Fig. 11.7 Ion pair formation.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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→ CC 11.2Irridated and nonradiated mushrooms
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
© Peticolas/Megna/Fundamental Photographs, NYC
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← Fig. 11.9 Film badges are used to determine a person’s exposure to radiation.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Doug Plummer/Photo Researchers
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Fig. 11.10 Radiation passing through a Geiger counter ionizes one or more gas atoms, producing ion pairs.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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← Fig. 11.11 Components of the estimated annual radiation of an average American.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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→ CC. 11.3A commercially available kit to test for radon gas in the home.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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← Fig. 11.12 Brain scans are obtained using radioactive technetium-99, a laboratory-produced radionuclide.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Science Photo/Custom Medical Stock Photo
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← Table 11.4
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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Table 11.5
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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→ Fig. 11.13 Cobalt-60 is used as a source of gamma radiation in radiation therapy.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
Yoav Levy/Phototake
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← Fig. 11.14 A fission chain reaction is caused by further reaction of the neutrons produced during fission.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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→ Fig. 11.15 Enormous amounts of energy are released in the explosion of a nuclear fission bomb.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
© Bettmann/CORBIS
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← Fig. 11.16 The cooling tower at the Trojan nuclear power plant dominates the landscape. The nuclear reactor is housed in the dome-shaped enclosure.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
© Albert J. Copley/Visuals Unlimited
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→ Fig. 11.17 The process of nuclear fusion maintains the interior of the sun at the temperature of approximately 15 million degrees.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
NASA
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Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
CAG 11.2
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→ CO 11.1Associated with brain-scan technology is the use of small amounts of radioactive substances.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
PhotoDisc
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← Fig. 11.1 Marie Curie, one of the pioneers in the study of radioactivity, is the first person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes for scientific work.
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d
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→ Table 11.6
Nuclear Chemistry cont’d