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Chapter 12:Personality
PSY 100PSY 100Rick Grieve, Ph.D.Rick Grieve, Ph.D.Western Kentucky Western Kentucky
UniversityUniversity
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Definition of PersonalityDefinition of Personality
Personality: Personality: a characteristic pattern of a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior that persists thinking, feeling, and behavior that persists across time and situations.across time and situations.
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Freud and PersonalityFreud and Personality
psychoanalysispsychodynamic theoryJean Martin Charcot
hysterical symptoms caused by psychological traumaFreud impressed with Charcot's work
sparked an even greater interest in problems of the mind.
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Freud and Personality
Josef BreuerStudies on HysteriaAnna Ocatharsis
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Freud's theory of personalityFreud's theory of personality
Crucial Assumptions:Crucial Assumptions:Childhood experiences determine adult Childhood experiences determine adult personalitypersonalityUnconscious mental processes influence every day Unconscious mental processes influence every day behaviorbehaviorUnconscious conflict underlies abnormal behavior Unconscious conflict underlies abnormal behavior
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Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality
Structure of consciousnessStructure of consciousnessConsciousConscious
PreconsciousPreconscious
UnconsciousUnconscious
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Freud's theory of personalityFreud's theory of personalityStructure of PersonalityStructure of Personality
IdIdlibido libido pleasure principle pleasure principle immediate gratification immediate gratification
SuperegoSuperegoconscienceconscienceegoego--idealideal
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Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality
EgoEgoreality principlereality principledefense mechanismsdefense mechanisms
Compromise formationCompromise formation
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Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality
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Defense mechanismsDefense mechanisms
RepressionRationalizationRegressionDenialSublimationIsolationProjectionDisplacementReaction formation
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Psychosexual developmentPsychosexual development
5 Psychosexual StagesOral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage
Oedipal ComplexElectra Complex
Latency Genital Stage
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Followers of PsychoanalysisFollowers of Psychoanalysis
Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adlerstriving for superiorityfeelings of inferiorityinferiority complex
Karen HorneyNo “anatomy is destiny”Womb envybasic anxietybasic hostility
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Followers of PsychoanalysisFollowers of Psychoanalysis
Carl Jungpersonapersonal unconsciouscollective unconsciousarchetypes
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Trait Theories of PersonalityTrait Theories of Personality
Trait: Trait: a predisposition to respond to situations in a a predisposition to respond to situations in a consistent wayconsistent way..Trait theories rest on two assumptions .Trait theories rest on two assumptions .
most traits exist in all people to some degree most traits exist in all people to some degree they assume that we can measure the degree to which a they assume that we can measure the degree to which a trait exists in a person. trait exists in a person.
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Trait theoristsTrait theorists
Gordon Allportcardinal traitcentral traitsecondary traitcommon traitsindividual traits
Hans Eysenckextraverts introverts emotional stability and instability psychoticism
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Trait TheoristsTrait Theorists
The Big Five Personality Traitsemotional stability extraversion openness agreeableness conscientiousness
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The PersonThe Person--Situation DebateSituation Debate
What really determines how a person acts?Is it stable, internal characteristics or is it the situation in which he finds himself?Stable internal traits Demand characteristics
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Behavioral Theories of PersonalityBehavioral Theories of Personality
Dollard and MillerSkinner
operant conditioning (contingency management)
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Social Cognitive ApproachSocial Cognitive Approach
Includes a thinking person.Includes a thinking person.
Proposes that people have a subjective role in learningProposes that people have a subjective role in learning
2 step process2 step process1)1) Perceive the situation based on memories and expectationsPerceive the situation based on memories and expectations2)2) Actively alter the situation or environment to suit usActively alter the situation or environment to suit us
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Social Cognitive ApproachSocial Cognitive Approach
Albert Albert BanduraBandura
reciprocal determinism reciprocal determinism
selfself--efficacy efficacy
observational learning (modeling) observational learning (modeling)
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Social Cognitive TheorySocial Cognitive Theory
BBehavior
P/CPerson and
cognitive factors
EEnvironment
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Social Cognitive ApproachSocial Cognitive Approach
Walter Walter Mischel Mischel
competencies competencies
encodings encodings
expectancies expectancies
plans plans
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Humanistic Perspectives on PersonalityHumanistic Perspectives on Personality
Humanistic psychology stresses our potential as human beings for growth, creativity, and spontaneity.self-concept
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Rogers’ Approach
Conditional positive regardLove and praise being withheld unless he individual conforms to parental or social standards
Unconditional positive regardAccepting, valuing, and being positive toward another person regardless of the person’s behavior
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Rogers’ Approach
Self-conceptIndividuals’ overall perceptions of their abilities, behavior, and personality
EmpathyBeing a sensitive listener and understanding another’s true feelings
GenuinenessBeing open with our feelings and dropping our pretenses and facades
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Maslow’s Approach
Abraham Maslowactualization self-actualized a hierarchy of needs
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Maslow’s Approach
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Personality Assessment
Projective TestPresents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe it or tell a story about it
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The Rorschach Inkblot Test
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Thematic Apperception Test
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Incomplete Sentences
My mother ___________________I feel best when _______________Men ________________________I was embarrassed when ________
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Self-Report Tests
Self-report testsDirectly ask people whether items describe their personality traits or notEmpirically derived
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MMPI
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely used and researched self-report personality test550 true/false items, such as:
I like to read magazinesI never have trouble falling asleepPeople are out to get me
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MMPI
1) Hysteria2) Depression3) Hypochondriasis4) Psychopathic Deviate5) Masculine/Feminine
6) Psychastenia7) Schizophrenia8) Paranoia9) Mania10) Social Introversion
MMPI Clinical ScalesMMPI Clinical Scales
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Other Self-Report Measures
NEO-PI16 Personality FactorBDI
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References
Lefton, L. A. (1994). Psychology (5th Edition). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Nairne, J. S. (1995). Psychology: The adaptive mind. Albany, NY: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Nairne, J. S. (1999). Psychology: The adaptive mind (2nd Ed.). Albany, NY: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Santrock, J. W. (2002). Psychology (6th Edition). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.