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Chapter 12 “The Cultural Geography of
Europe”
Section 1 – “Population Patterns”
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Ethnic Diversity (Pages 287-289)
• most Europeans are descended from various Indo-European and Mediterranean peoples who settled centuries ago
in the last 100 years, more immigrants have come from Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean (countries once ruled by Europeans)
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Ethnic Groups (page 288)
> Europe is home to more than 160 ethnic groups: groups of people with a shared ancestry, language, customs, and religion
• some countries have one major ethnic group
• in other countries, the population consists of two or more ethnic groups
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Ethnic Tensions (page 288)> The Balkan Peninsula has been a region of
conflict centuries.
- after WWII, most Balkan people had belonged to a communist-ruled land called Yugoslavia
- when communism fell in the early 90’s, ethnic tensions erupted, resulting in the breakup of Yugoslavia into independent republics
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> the republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Serbian-ruled territory of Kosovo were centers of the most brutal warfare
- Serb leaders followed a policy of ethnic cleansing: killing rival ethnic groups
- many people became refugees: people who flee to a foreign country for safety; international peacemaking efforts (including the USA) allowed many to later return home
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Sources of Unity
> in recent years, Europeans have been working toward greater unity
> the people of Europe generally share a commitment to democracy & free markets
- however, they do believe the government should regulate the economy & provide for social welfare
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Population Characteristics (page 289)
> Australia is the only continent smaller than Europe
- 3rd most populous continent, after Asia and Africa
- population in 2001 was 583 million (excluding Russia)
- Germany is the largest country @ 82.2 million
- Vatican City is the smallest @ 1,000 people
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Population Density (page 289)
> Europe’s population density is greater than any continent except Asia
- 255 people per square mile
- most of Europe has far less than the average population density
- The industrialized urban centers are among the world’s mostly densely populated
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Population Distribution (page 289)
> One of the most densely populated parts of Europe extends from the UK into France and across the North European Plain into the Czech Republic and Poland
- another densely populated area extends from southeastern France and into northern
Italy
- in addition to rich farmland, these regions contain densely populated, industrial cities
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Urbanization (pages 289-291)> in the late 1700’s, the Industrial Revolution
transformed Europe from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial society
- rural villagers moved to cities and became factory workers
- urbanization: concentration of populations in towns and cities
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> today, about 75% of Europeans live in cities
- Paris, France and London, England rank among the world’s largest urban areas
- other European cities with large populations include Rome, Italy; Madrid, Spain; Berlin, Germany; Stockholm, Sweden; Budapest, Hungary; Athens, Greece; Kiev, Ukraine
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Urban Features (page 290)
> European cities provide a unique combination of old and new ways of life
- landmarks that date back hundreds of years stand near fast-food restaurants and
shopping malls
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Population Movements (pages 290-291)
> since the mid-1900s, large numbers of foreigners have migrated to Europe
> When western Europe’s economy boomed in the 1950s and 1960s, labor shortages developed
- workers from other countries were invited to fill job openings
> By the time Europe’s economy had slowed in the 1970s, many guest workers had moved their families and established homes in their host countries
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- tensions rose as immigrants and locals competed for jobs, housing, and social services
- since the 1970s, European countries have tried to limit further immigration
> Despite its growing immigrant population, Europe’s overall population is shrinking
- Germany and Italy have the world’s lowest birthrates
- older people are making up a larger percentage of Europe’s population
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Chapter 12
“The Cultural Geography of Europe”
Section 2 – “History and Government”
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The Rise of Europe (pages 294-296)
Early Peoples
> by about 6000 B.C., farming spread from Southwest Asia to southeastern Europe & then to all but the densely forested areas in the northern part of the continent
- early Europeans settled in agricultural villages that later developed into Europe’s first
cities
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Ancient Greece and Rome (page 295)> 2 civilizations in the Mediterranean laid the
foundation of Western civilization
1) Greece: reached its peak during the 400s & 300s B.C.
2) Rome: reached its peak between 27 B.C. and A.D. 180
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> Greece’s mountainous landscape & closeness to the sea influenced the ancient Greeks to form separate communities called city-states
- each city-state was independent, but was linked to other city-states by Greek language & culture
- Greek merchants & sailors eventually colonized many parts of the Mediterranean coast
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> The ancient Greeks laid the foundations of European government & culture
- the city-state of Athens introduced the idea of democracy
- more people had a voice in Athens government than in any earlier civilization (women & slaves could not vote though)
- Greek art, literature, drama, and philosophy as well as math & medicine left a lasting impression on the Western world
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> In Italy, around 500 B.C., the Romans founded a republic
- from Rome, their armies conquered much of Europe, some of southwest Asia, and
North Africa
- Roman developments
in government, law,
and engineering
influenced other
cultures
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- throughout the Roman Empire, engineers built a vast network of roads, bridges, and
aqueducts (artificial channels for carrying water)
Roman road engineering A Roman aqueduct A Roman bridge
The Colosseum in Rome
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A Christian Europe (pages 295-296)
> In the late A.D. 300s, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire
- the empire came to be ruled by two emperors, one in the east and one in the west
- they grew into what we now know as eastern & western Europe with distinct political,
cultural, and religious traditions
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- during the 400s, Germanic groups from the north overthrew Roman rule in the western half & founded separate kingdoms
- they accepted the western form of Christianity, which became Roman Catholicism
- the eastern half eventually was called the Byzantine Empire, with its capital at Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey today)
- The eastern form of Christianity became known as Eastern Orthodoxy
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The Middle Ages (page 296)
Middle Ages: the period between ancient and modern times
> Began after the fall of Rome; from A.D. 500-1500
- feudalism: a system in which monarchs or lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty
- the Roman Catholic Church brought Roman culture and principles of government & law to the region’s Germanic peoples
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Expansion of Europe (pages 296-297)
> Beginning in the 1000s, western European armies fought the Crusades: a series of brutal religious wars to win Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule
> Beginning in the 1300s, the Renaissance: a 300 year period of discovery and learning, brought advances in European civilization
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The Renaissance (page 297)
> educated Europeans developed a new interest in the cultures of Greece & Rome; stressed the importance of people & their place in this world
- writers described human feelings, and artists created life-like paintings & sculptures
- architects designed buildings for religious & private use; scientific advances also occurred
> Increased production of books & pamphlets aided a religious movement (the Reformation)
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Reformation: a religious movement that lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church and led to the beginnings of Protestantism
- by the mid-1500s, Protestant churches dominated northern Europe, but Roman Catholicism kept its hold in southern, central, and northeastern parts
- religious wars swept through Europe & monarchs strengthened their hold on power
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European Explorations (page 297)
> In the 1400s, western Europe began to emerge as a force in world affairs
- seafarers from Portugal developed new trade routes around Africa & Asia
- Spanish rulers financed the Italian-born Christopher Columbus, who reached the Americas in the late 1400s
- England, France, and the Netherlands also sent out expeditions of explorers
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- these voyages resulted in conquests of foreign lands; trade with colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa brought great wealth & power to western Europe
A Changing Europe (pages 297-299)
> the Enlightenment: a movement putting emphasis on the importance of reason and questioning long-standing traditions and values
- followed by political & economic revolutions that swept through Europe
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- industrial capitalism: an economic system in which business leaders used profits to
expand their companies
- new social groups emerged from industrial capitalism: a middle class of workers & factory owners, and a working class of factory laborers
- in the mid-1800s, these social problems led to the birth of communism: called for a
society based on economic equality in which the workers would control the factories and industrial production
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Conflict and Division (page 298)> Rivalries among European powers for colonies
& economic power led to WWI
- as a result of WWI, monarchies collapsed in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
- the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to make reparations: payment for damages
> unresolved issues from WWI led to the rise of dictators like Mussolini & Hitler
- Holocaust: the mass killing of more than 6 million Jews and others by German leaders
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> After WWII, most of eastern Europe came under communist control of the Soviet Union; most of western Europe backed democracy & got support from the USA
- the division of Europe brought on the Cold War: a power struggle between the communist world & the noncommunist
world
The Cold War in Europe (pages 298-299)> After WWII, the USA,
Soviet Union, Britain, and France divided Germany into 4 zones
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- by 1949, the 3 western zones were combined into West Germany (capital city was Bonn)
- The eastern zone, occupied by the Soviets, became East Germany (capital was East Berlin)
- in the 1960’s, East Germany built the Berlin Wall & other barriers to stop the movement of its
citizens to West Germany
A New Era for Europe (pages 299-300)> From the 1950s to the 1980s, revolts against
communist rule swept through Europe
- in the early 1980s, Polish workers founded Solidarity, the first free labor union in the communist world
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> In 1989, public demonstrations quickly led to the fall of eastern Europe’s communist governments
- the Berlin wall came down, and in 1990, the two parts of Germany reunited
- 3 years later, Czechoslovakia split into 2 separate countries: the Czech Republic & Slovakia
- free elections in eastern Europe during the 1990s installed democratic leaders
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> By the 1990s, the growing movement of unity in western Europe led to the European Union (EU): an organization whose goal was a united Europe in which goods, services, and workers could move freely among member countries
- the euro currency was
started in 1999 to
replace national
currencies
- there are currently 27
members of the EU
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Chapter 12
“The Cultural Geography of Europe”
Section 3 – “Cultures and Lifestyles”
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Expressions of Culture (pages 301-305)Languages> in Europe there are 50 languages & more than
100 dialects: local forms of languages
- some dialects are so different that even people speaking the same language have a hard time understanding each other
> Almost all of Europe’s languages belong to the Indo-European language family
- language family: a group of related languages that developed from an earlier language
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> most eastern Europeans speak Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Polish, etc.) or Baltic languages (Lithuanian, Latvian)
> northern Europeans mainly speak Germanic languages (German, English, Dutch, etc.)
> southern Europeans mainly speak the Romance languages, which come from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire (Italian, Spanish, French, etc.)
> Greek, Albanian, and the Celtic languages are also Indo-European branches
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> 2 European language groups are not Indo-European: the Uralic languages (Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian) and Basque (northeastern Spain & southwestern France)
Religion (pages 303-304)> Christianity has deeply shaped European
values, societies, and cultures
> Most of Europe’s Christians are Roman Catholics (southern Europe, western Europe, northern parts of eastern Europe)
> Protestants are dominant in northern & northwestern Europe (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
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- Eastern Orthodox churches are strong in the southern part of eastern Europe
- Many Muslims live in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Bulgaria
- Jewish communities are found in all major cities
> An example of religion dividing people has been in Northern Ireland, where Protestants & Catholics have been fighting for decades
> on the Balkan Peninsula in the early 1990s, Catholic Croats, Eastern Orthodox Serbs, and Muslim Bosnians fought in Bosnia-Herzegovina over land & political power
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- in the late 1990s, Eastern Orthodox Serbs fought the Albanian Muslim majority in the Serbian province of Kosovo
The Arts (pages 304-305)
> the Parthenon in Athens and the Pantheon in Rome are examples of temples built by the ancient Greeks & Romans
the Parthenon the Pantheon
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> The Church of the Holy Apostles
in Salonica, Greece, is an
example of Byzantine art
that reflects Eastern
Orthodox spirituality
> Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris is an example of Gothic architecture from the Catholic western Europe
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> The paintings of da Vinci and Michelangelo influenced generations of artists
- England’s William Shakespeare wrote numerous plays (Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet)
> In the 1600s & 1700s new music forms, such as the opera & symphony, emerged in Europe
Leonardo da Vinci’s
Mona Lisa
Michelangelo’s painting of the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel in Rome
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- in the 1800s, artists such as German composer Ludwig van Beethoven reflected the style of romanticism: which focused on the emotions, stirring historical events, and the exotic
- during the mid 1800s, realism: artistic style that focused on accurately depicting the everyday details of life became prominent
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- In the late 1800s, a group of French painters called impressionists moved
outdoors from their studios
to capture experiences, or
“impressions,” of nature
> An important influence on modern abstract art was Spanish painter Pablo Picasso
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Quality of Life (pages 305-306)
> western Europe enjoys a higher standard of living than southern or eastern Europe
Education (page 306)
> The quality of education is linked to economic performance; Europeans are among the world’s best educated
- with the exception of the Balkan countries, they have literacy rates above 90%
- the # of years of required schooling varies from country to country
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State-Sponsored Human Services (page 306)> welfare states: countries that offer complete
social welfare programs to their citizens
- programs include health care, social security, and higher education
- Britain & Sweden are examples
> funding these social programs is very expensive & countries have spent large chunks of their yearly budgets to provide them
- recent cuts to these programs to save money has met with intense opposition
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Lifestyles (pages 306-307)
Home Life (page 306)
> As urbanization increased, the custom of extended families living together & sharing economic resources declined
- today, more women are working, families move more, and governments tend to handle more social concerns
Sports and Recreation (page 306)
> soccer is the major sport of Europe; most countries have pro teams
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> rugby is popular in the UK, France, and Ireland
> many people play tennis for recreation; the Wimbledon tournament in Britain is a major international championship
> in Spain, the popularity of soccer just recently surpassed that of bullfighting
> in the Netherlands there is an 11 city ice-skating marathon on frozen rivers & canals
> winter sports, such as downhill skiing in the Alpine regions, cross-country skiing in Scandinavia, and ice-skating in Ukraine have produced Olympic champions