Download - Chapter 13
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13PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions: Risks and Responsibilities
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Assessing Your Disease Risks
Risk factors you can’t control
• Heredity
• Aging
• Environmental Conditions
• Organism Resistance
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Assessing Your Disease Risks
Risk factors you can control
• Stress
• Nutrition
• Physical activity
• Sleep
• Drug use
• Personal hygiene
• High risk behaviors
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Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission
Transmission
• Direct contact
• Indirect contact
• Autoinoculate yourself
• Transmit from one part of body to another
• Animal-borne pathogens
• Interspecies transmission
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Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well
Physical and chemical defenses
• Skin
• Enzymes
• Body temperature
• Linings of the body
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Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well
The immune system
• Immunity
• Antigens
• Antibodies
• Immunoglobulins
• Humoral immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity
• Macrophages
• Lymphocytes
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Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well
Autoimmune diseases
• Immune deficiency syndrome
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Fever
• Rises in temperature can be harmful if extreme
• High temperatures can destroy some disease causing organisms
• Stimulates more white blood cell production
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Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well
Pain
• Response to either direct or referred pain
• Most often accompanied by inflammation
Vaccines
• Vaccination and T- and B-cell memory
• Acquired immunity
• Natural immunity
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 13.1
The Immune Response
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 13.2
Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, by Vaccine and Age Group
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Living with Allergies
Allergy-induced respiratory problems
• Antigen or allergen
• Production of antibodies
• Hypersensitive reaction
• Release of histamines
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 13.3
Steps of an Allergic Response
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Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission
Bacteria
• Single-celled organisms
• Staphylococcal infections
• Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
• Streptococcal infections
• Meningitis
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis (TB)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 13.4
Examples of 4 Major Types of Pathogens
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Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission
Viruses
• Smallest pathogens
• Protein structures
• Incubation periods
The common cold
Influenza
Infectious mononucleosis
Hepatitis: 3 types (HAV, HBV, HCV)
Measles
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 13.5
Is It an Allergy, a Cold, or the Flu?
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Types of Pathogens and Routes of Transmission
Other pathogens
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Parasitic worms
• Prions
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Emerging and Resurgent Diseases
Tiny microbes
• Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis-BSE)
• West Nile Virus
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
• Avian Bird Flu (H5N1)
• Escherichia coli 0157:H7
• Bioterrorism
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ABC News: Infectious Disease
Discussion Questions
• What is the difference between an epidemic and pandemic?
• What animals, other than birds, have been identified as having the “Bird flu?”
• What strategies have the Thailand Ministry of Public Health and the Centers for Disease Control designed to monitor the spread of the Bird Flu in Thailand?
PlayVideoPlay
Video| Infectious Disease
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
History
• Also called STDs, once called venereal diseases (VD)
• 20 known types of STIs
• In the U.S, 19 million new cases reported every year
Possible causes
• Moral and social stigma
• Casual attitude toward sex
• Ignorance about infections/symptoms
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
How STIs are transmitted
• Sexual intercourse
• Oral-genital contact
• Hand-genital contact
• Anal
• Mouth to mouth contact
• Contact with fluids from body sores
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 13.6
Signs or Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Infection
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Chlamydia
• 2.8 million infected annually in the U.S.
• Over 10 % college students
• Many display no symptoms
• Secondary damage can lead to sterility
• Conjunctivitis
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Gonorrhea
• One of the most common STIs in the U.S.
• CDC estimates over 700,000 cases per year
• Caused by bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Early treatment: antibiotics
• Complications with non-treatment
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Describes a number of infections of the uterus/fallopian tubes/ovaries
• Can result from untreated infections
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Syphilis
• Caused by a bacterial organism
• Spirochete known as Treponema pallidum
• Stages: primary, secondary, latent, late
• Treatment: antibiotics
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Herpes
• Herpes simplex type 1
• Herpes simplex type 2
• Especially serious in pregnant women – possible to transfer infection to baby during birth
• In women with herpes, greater risk for cervical cancer
Preventing herpes
• Awareness
• Extreme caution in casual sexual affairs
• Seek medical help
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Genital warts (Human Papilloma Virus - HPV)
• Over 100 different types of HPV
• Infect over 6.2 million Americans each year
• Full-blown genital warts or flat warts
Health risks from genital warts
• Dysplasia – change in cells that may lead to a precancerous condition
Vaccine to prevent HPV
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Candidiasis (moniliasis)
• Yeast-like fungus caused by Candida albicans
• Symptoms: severe itching, burning, swelling
• Vaginitis
Trichomoniasis
• Caused by a protozoan
• Half of American men and women carry this organism
• Many remain symptom-free
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Pubic lice
• “Crabs”
• Eggs nest in clothing, furniture and linens
General urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Sexual transmission
• Can also be caused by invading organisms in the genital area
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HIV/AIDS
Facts
• Global health problem
• Since 1981, over 65 million people in the world have become infected with HIV
• 39.5 million living with HIV
A shifting epidemic
• Newly found indicator of virus: drop in CD4s, the master immune cell
• Improved reporting/accuracy
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HIV/AIDS
How HIV is transmitted
• Engaging in high risk behaviors
• Exchange of body fluids
• Injecting drugs
• Receiving a blood transfusion prior to 1985
• Mother-to-infant transmission (perinatal)
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HIV/AIDS
Women and AIDS
• Women represented 27% of newly reported AIDS cases in 2005
Special concerns for women with HIV/AIDS
• 4-10 times more likely than men to contract HIV through unprotected sexual intercourse
• Underrepresented in clinical trials for treatment and prevention
• Cultural barriers to decision-making
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 13.7
Sources of HIV Infection in Men and Women in the United States
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HIV/AIDS
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
• Incubation time varies greatly
• For HIV positive adults with no medical treatment, AIDS will develop in 8-10 years
• Opportunistic infections
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HIV/AIDS
Testing for HIV antibodies
• Blood test known as ELISA
• Western blot – follows 2 positive ELISA
• These tests detect antibodies
• Even with antibodies, not all develop AIDS
• A cure does NOT exist
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HIV/AIDS
New hope and treatments
• New drugs slow progression of virus
• Medication currently very expensive and cause many side effects
• Protease inhibitors/reverse transcriptase
Preventing HIV infection
• No vaccine currently available
• Reduce risk by responsible choices and behaviors
• Abstinence or safe sexual practices
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Noninfectious Diseases
More than just major ailments such as cancer and heart disease
• Most other chronic conditions can be prevented or symptoms alleviated
• Generally not transmitted by pathogen or personal contact
• Lifestyle and personal habits often underlying causes
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Chronic Lung Diseases
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)
• Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Asthma
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Chronic Lung Diseases
Bronchitis
• Inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes
• Reduced air flow from the lungs/heavy mucous
• Acute bronchitis: symptoms improve in a few weeks
• Chronic bronchitis: last for at leas 3 months, serious form
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Chronic Lung Diseases
Emphysema
• Gradual destruction of alveoli
• More and more difficult to exhale
• Victim struggles to take in air
• Chest cavity expands over time (barrel-chest)
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Chronic Lung Diseases
Asthma
• Long-term chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks airflow to the lungs
• Air pollutants, particulates, smoke, allergens and stress can trigger an asthma attack
• Extrinsic (allergic asthma) or intrinsic (nonallergic)
• Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)
• Relief: relaxation techniques, medications
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Chronic Lung Diseases
Sleep apnea
• Affects more than 18 million Americans
• Periodic episodes of breathing cessation for 10 seconds or longer
• Causes restless sleep, high blood pressure, irregular heart beats, heart attack, stroke
• Common treatments: reduce alcohol use, losing weight, change sleeping position, medicinal interventions
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Neurological Disorders
Headaches
• Tension headaches: muscular contraction headaches
• Treatments: relaxation, hot water, massage, pain medication
• Migraine headaches: severe debilitating symptoms
• Treatments: ergot drugs, other medications
• Cluster headaches: more rare forms; “killer” or “suicidal” pain
• Treatments: oxygen therapy, drugs, surgery
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Neurological Disorders
Seizure disorders
• Epilepsy
• 2 million people in the U.S. suffer some form of seizure-related disorder
• Two categories
• Partial
• Generalized
• About half are of unknown origin
• Promising treatments today
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Neurological Disorders
Parkinson’s Disease
• Chronic, slow neurological condition
• Over 1.5 million Americans suffer from it
• “Shaking palsy”, rigid or stiff muscles, poor balance, slurred speech
• Progressive and incurable
• New drug therapies to control symptoms / new surgical procedures show promise
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Neurological Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Affects over 500,000 Americans
• Degenerative disease
• Nerve malfunctions from break down by myelin
• Typically appears between 15 and 50 years of age
• Cause: Inconclusive theories
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Digestion-Related Disorders
Lactose intolerance
• No ability to produce digestive enzyme lactase
• Dietary treatment
Colitis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Ulcerative colitis
• Severe stomach cramps, weight loss, nausea, sweating, fever
• Treatment: Increase fiber intake, anti-inflammatory drugs, other medications
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Musculoskeletal Diseases
Arthritis
• Strikes 1 in 5 Americans/ over 46 million
• Osteoarthritis (OA)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
Fibromyalgia
• Chronic joint pain, headaches, dizziness, numbness, etc.
• Array of symptoms
• Difficult to diagnose
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Musculoskeletal Diseases
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE or Lupus)
• Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack kidneys, brain, heart
• 90% of all victims are female
Low back pain (LBP)
• 85% of Americans will experience LBP
• 90% of all back problems in lumbar region (lower)
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Other Maladies
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
• Feeling tired all the time
• No viral cause found, possible psychosocial roots
Repetitive stress injuries (RSIs)
• 25% of work injuries
• High costs to employers in workers’ compensation and absenteeism