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Chapter 13
Urban Patterns
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Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.
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Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Although under half of the people in most less developed regions are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.
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The exceptional nature of American cities
1: Gigantic “footprints” for the urbanized area– Chicago vs. London– Low densities– The predominance of SFDs
2: Suburban Dominance– Only 3 million out of 8 million in Chicago
metropolitan area live in the city of Chicago
3: Much greater levels of automobile dependency
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4. Very steep density gradients– High-rise downtown vs. low-density sprawl
5. Inverse social Geography– Rich on periphery– Poor in the center
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Contemporary Neighborhood types in American Central Cities
• 1: declining “ghetto complexes”
• 2: “new immigrant enclaves”
• 3: gentrified “core areas”
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1: Declining Ghetto Complexes
• A: These neighborhoods are products of historical and continued racial segregation, exhibiting African American populations of 90-100%.
• B: very steep and sustained population losses. – Ex. Washington Park neighborhood in Chicago lost almost
1/3 of it population between 1990 and 2000.
• C: job losses, capital flight, and diminishing local economic opportunity
• D: virtually no new foreign-born immigrants have settled in these neighborhoods
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2: The New Immigrant Enclaves
a. Very impressive population growth– 45% in Gage Park, average growth of 20%
b. Geographical expansion as well
c. Middle position in terms of quality of life indicators
d. Most of the “multi-ethnic” census tracts are found in these zones
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3: Gentrified “Core Area”
a. Moderate population gains*slight increase in areas where industry was converted to residential
use*slight decreases in traditionally residential neighborhoods being
subject to gentrification
b. Economic dynamismc. Rising incomes
*The Near North Side jumped from $43,000 to $92,000 between 1990 and 2000.
d. Dramatic gains in the value of real estate*In the Gold Coast, the value of real estate appreciated 9.4 times faster than the city average between 1991 and 1997.
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Urban Structure
• Three models of urban structure– Concentric zone model– Sector model– Multiple nuclei model– Geographic applications
• Use of the models outside North America– European cities– Less developed countries
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Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.
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Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.
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Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.
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Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model.
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Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis is an example of a sector model.
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Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig. 13-10: The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.
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Professionals in Glasgow
Fig. 13-11: Top professionals in Glasgow, Scotland, are more likely to live near the center of the city, in contrast to most U.S. cities.
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Mexico City
Fig. 13-12: The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the west.
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Fès (Fez), Morocco
Fig. 13-13: The old city has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.
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Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Fig. 13-14: In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.
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Latin American City Model
Fig. 13-15: In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.
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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fig. 13-16: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.
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Inner Cities
• Inner-city physical problems– Deterioration process– Urban renewal
• Inner-city social problems– Underclass– Culture of poverty
• Inner-city economic problems– Annexation
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Dayton, Ohio, Inner City
Fig. 13-17: Drug-related arrests (left) have been concentrated in the inner-west side of the city. In the 2001 mayoral election, votes for Rhine McLin concentrated in the African-American section of the city.
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Growth of Chicago
Fig. 13-18: Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport.
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Problems of Suburbs
• The peripheral model– Density gradient– Cost of suburban sprawl– Suburban segregation
• Transportation and suburbanization– Motor vehicles– Public transportation
• Local government fragmentation– Metropolitan government– Growing smart
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Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig. 13-19: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.
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Cleveland, Ohio, 1900–1990
Fig. 13-20: The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.
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Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.
Fig. 13-21: New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.
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Public Transport in Brussels
Fig. 13-22: Brussels illustrates the integration of heavy rail and light rail in public transport.