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Chapter 14
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Ocular System
Eye: structure for sight
Extraocular: outside the eye
Intraocular: inside the eye
Periocular: around the eye
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Ocular Accessories (Adnexa/Stroma)
Orbit: bony cavity of skull, eye held here Eye muscles: work together for Binocular
• 7 major muscles per eye• 2 oblique, 4 rectus, retractor bulbi
• 6 Extrinsic muscles provide attachment Eyelids, Canthus (angle where eyelids meet),
Tarsal plate (upper n lower eyelids), Meibomian glands, eyelashes, conjuctiva (mucous membrane that lines under side of each eyelid), Lacrimal apparatus (produce/store/ remove tears)
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Eyeball / Globe Sclera: fibrous outer layer of eye (white of the
eye)• Anterior portion = cornea
Choroid: opaque middle layer of the eye (not light passage)• Pupil : Central circular opening
• Lens: clear flexible curved capsule located behind the iris and pupil, Adjusts (accommodates) to see near/far
• Ciliary Body: thickened extension of choroid to aid in accommodation
• Iris: “Colored portion”, contains muscles that contract pupil in response to light
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Eye Contin:
Retina: nerve tissue layer that receives images
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Canine Eye
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Vision Accommodation: Distance
Refraction: Lens bends rays of light to help focus
Convergence: simultaneous inward movement in both eyes, normally happens as an object moves closer
Acuity: sharpness of vision
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Common Tests: Eyes
PLR: pupillary light reflex: animal’s response to light
Flourescein: dye on the surface to detect corneal injury
Menace Response: eye should close as object moves towards it
Palpebral reflex: blink in response to eye being touched
Schirmer tear test: graded paper slip measures tear production
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Common Ailments:
Anisocoria: unequal pupil size Blepharitis: inflammation of eyelid Blepharoptosis: dropping of eyelid Cataract: cloudiness of eye Entropin: inturning of eyelid Strabismus: “cross eyed”
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Common Procedures: Eyes
Common prefixes • Oplasty: surgical repair
• Ectomy: removal
• Otomy: incision
• Centesis: removal of liquid (to relieve pressure)
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EARS: Structures
Outer Ear• Pinna: external portion that catches sounds waves
Middle Ear• Eardrum: tissue separating external from middle ear
• Auditory ossicles: ear bones• Malleus, incus, stapes
• Eustachin tubes
• Oval window: separates middle from inner ear
• Round window: membrane receives sound waves
• Tympanic bulla: located at base of skull
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EAR Structures Continued:
Inner Ear• Bony Labrinth
• Vestibule: balance and position
• Semicircular canals: hairlike structures help with spacial awareness
• Cochlear: recieves and transmits sound waves to the brain
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Testing Ears
Otoscopy: exam for parasites Otoscope: Tool used for otoscopy
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Pathology
Otalgia: ear pain Deafness: hearing loss Otomycosis: fungal infection of the ear Otopyorrhea: pus discharge from ear
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Activities
Diagram of Eye (pg 292) and Ear (pg 299)
Outline of Sight (pg 291-292) and Sound (pg 300)
Explain balance, and how the body reacts to changes