Chapter 15Chapter 15
Augmented FeedbackAugmented Feedback
Concept: Augmented feedback provides information that can facilitate skill learning
Two Types of Performance-Two Types of Performance-Related Information (Feedback)Related Information (Feedback)
Task-intrinsic feedbackTask-intrinsic feedback–Sensory-perceptual information that is a Sensory-perceptual information that is a
natural part of performing a skillnatural part of performing a skill
Augmented feedbackAugmented feedback–Performance related information added to or Performance related information added to or
enhancing task-intrinsic feedbackenhancing task-intrinsic feedback
Two Types ofTwo Types ofAugmented FeedbackAugmented Feedback
Knowledge of Results (KR)Knowledge of Results (KR)–Externally presented information about the Externally presented information about the
outcome of performing a skill or about outcome of performing a skill or about achieving the goal of the performanceachieving the goal of the performance
Knowledge of Performance (KP)Knowledge of Performance (KP)– Externally presented information about Externally presented information about
movement characteristics that led to the movement characteristics that led to the performance outcomeperformance outcome
See examples of both types of augmented feedback in Table 15.1
Table 15.1 Examples of Table 15.1 Examples of Augmented FeedbackAugmented Feedback
A golf instructor tells studentA golf instructor tells student KR: shot went into right roughKR: shot went into right rough
KP: you were short on your KP: you were short on your backswing backswing
A physical therapist tells patientA physical therapist tells patient KR: you walked 10 ft todayKR: you walked 10 ft today
KP: you should bend your knees KP: you should bend your knees more as you walk more as you walk
A sprinter in trackA sprinter in track KR: sees time posted on boardKR: sees time posted on board
KP: sees a videotape replayKP: sees a videotape replay
A gymnast A gymnast KR: sees judge’s scoreKR: sees judge’s score
KP: looks at stick figure KP: looks at stick figure representation of representation of
performanceperformance
The Roles of Augmented The Roles of Augmented Feedback in Skill AcquisitionFeedback in Skill Acquisition
Two roles in skill learning process:Two roles in skill learning process:–Facilitates achievement of the action goal Facilitates achievement of the action goal
of the skillof the skill–Motivates the learner to continue striving Motivates the learner to continue striving
toward a goaltoward a goal
How Essential is Augmented How Essential is Augmented Feedback for Skill Learning?Feedback for Skill Learning?
FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:
It can be essential for skill learningIt can be essential for skill learning
It may not be necessary for skill learningIt may not be necessary for skill learning
It can enhance skill learning It can enhance skill learning
It can hinder or slow skill learningIt can hinder or slow skill learning
See textbook for types of situationsrelated to each of the four answers
How Essential is Augmented How Essential is Augmented Feedback for Skill Learning?Feedback for Skill Learning?
FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:
It can be essential for skill learningIt can be essential for skill learning
It may not be necessary for skill learningIt may not be necessary for skill learning
It can enhance skill learning It can enhance skill learning
It can hinder or slow skill learningIt can hinder or slow skill learning
See textbook for types of situationsrelated to each of the four answers
How Essential is Augmented How Essential is Augmented Feedback for Skill Learning?Feedback for Skill Learning?
FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:
It can be essential for skill learningIt can be essential for skill learning
It may not be necessary for skill learningIt may not be necessary for skill learning
It can enhance skill learning It can enhance skill learning
It can hinder or slow skill learningIt can hinder or slow skill learning
See textbook for types of situationsrelated to each of the four answers
Results of experiment by Wallace and Hagler showing the Results of experiment by Wallace and Hagler showing the benefit of verbal error-based KP for enhancing learning a benefit of verbal error-based KP for enhancing learning a basketball shooting skillbasketball shooting skill
How Essential is Augmented How Essential is Augmented Feedback for Skill Learning?Feedback for Skill Learning?
FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:FOUR POSSIBLE ANSWERS:
It can be essential for skill learningIt can be essential for skill learning
It may not be necessary for skill learningIt may not be necessary for skill learning
It can enhance skill learning It can enhance skill learning
It can hinder or slow skill learningIt can hinder or slow skill learning
See textbook for types of situationsrelated to each of the four answers
Five Issues Related to Five Issues Related to Augmented Feedback ContentAugmented Feedback Content
1.1. Information about errors vs. correct Information about errors vs. correct aspects of performanceaspects of performance
2.2. KR vs. KPKR vs. KP3.3. Qualitative vs. quantitative Qualitative vs. quantitative
informationinformation4.4. Augmented feedback based on error Augmented feedback based on error
sizesize5.5. Erroneous augmented feedbackErroneous augmented feedback
Five Issues Related to Five Issues Related to Augmented Feedback ContentAugmented Feedback Content
1.1. Information about errors vs. correct Information about errors vs. correct aspects of performanceaspects of performance
2.2. KR vs. KPKR vs. KP3.3. Qualitative vs. quantitative Qualitative vs. quantitative
informationinformation4.4. Augmented feedback based on error Augmented feedback based on error
sizesize5.5. Erroneous augmented feedbackErroneous augmented feedback
Five Issues Related to Five Issues Related to Augmented Feedback ContentAugmented Feedback Content
1.1. Information about errors vs. correct Information about errors vs. correct aspects of performanceaspects of performance
2.2. KR vs. KPKR vs. KP3.3. Qualitative vs. quantitative Qualitative vs. quantitative
informationinformation4.4. Augmented feedback based on error Augmented feedback based on error
sizesize5.5. Erroneous augmented feedbackErroneous augmented feedback
Five Issues Related to Five Issues Related to Augmented Feedback ContentAugmented Feedback Content
1.1. Information about errors vs. correct Information about errors vs. correct aspects of performanceaspects of performance
2.2. KR vs. KPKR vs. KP3.3. Qualitative vs. quantitative Qualitative vs. quantitative
informationinformation4.4. Augmented feedback based on error Augmented feedback based on error
sizesize5.5. Erroneous augmented feedbackErroneous augmented feedback
Five Issues Related to Five Issues Related to Augmented Feedback ContentAugmented Feedback Content
1.1. Information about errors vs. correct Information about errors vs. correct aspects of performanceaspects of performance
2.2. KR vs. KPKR vs. KP3.3. Qualitative vs. quantitative Qualitative vs. quantitative
informationinformation4.4. Augmented feedback based on error Augmented feedback based on error
sizesize5.5. Erroneous augmented feedbackErroneous augmented feedback
Types ofTypes ofKnowledge of PerformanceKnowledge of Performance
Verbal KPVerbal KP–Two typesTwo types
Descriptive KPDescriptive KP
Prescriptive KPPrescriptive KP
Videotape as augmented feedbackVideotape as augmented feedback
Movement kinematics as augmented Movement kinematics as augmented feedbackfeedback
Biofeedback as augmented feedbackBiofeedback as augmented feedback
Types ofTypes ofKnowledge of PerformanceKnowledge of Performance
Verbal KPVerbal KP–Two typesTwo types
Descriptive KPDescriptive KP
Prescriptive KPPrescriptive KP
Videotape as augmented feedbackVideotape as augmented feedback
Movement kinematics as augmented Movement kinematics as augmented feedbackfeedback
Biofeedback as augmented feedbackBiofeedback as augmented feedback
Concurrent Augmented Concurrent Augmented FeedbackFeedback
Augmented feedback provided while Augmented feedback provided while a person is performing a skilla person is performing a skill
Effects of concurrent augmented Effects of concurrent augmented feedback on learningfeedback on learning
–Two general types of effectsTwo general types of effectsNegative learning effectNegative learning effect
Enhances skill learning (positive effect)Enhances skill learning (positive effect)
Terminal Augmented FeedbackTerminal Augmented Feedback
Feedback that is provided after a person Feedback that is provided after a person has completed the performance of a skillhas completed the performance of a skillTwo intervals of time associated with Two intervals of time associated with terminal augmented feedbackterminal augmented feedback
–KR delay intervalKR delay interval–Post KR intervalPost KR interval
Both require a minimum length of timeBoth require a minimum length of timeEngaging in activity during these Engaging in activity during these intervals can hinder, benefit, or have no intervals can hinder, benefit, or have no effect upon skill learningeffect upon skill learning
Terminal Augmented FeedbackTerminal Augmented Feedback
Feedback that is provided after a person Feedback that is provided after a person has completed the performance of a skillhas completed the performance of a skillTwo intervals of time associated with Two intervals of time associated with terminal augmented feedbackterminal augmented feedback
–KR delay intervalKR delay interval–Post KR intervalPost KR interval
Both require a minimum length of timeBoth require a minimum length of timeEngaging in activity during these Engaging in activity during these intervals can hinder, benefit, or have no intervals can hinder, benefit, or have no effect upon skill learningeffect upon skill learning
Frequency of Presenting Frequency of Presenting Augmented FeedbackAugmented Feedback
Traditional view =Traditional view = Aug. fb for every trial Aug. fb for every trial (100% frequency) is best for learning(100% frequency) is best for learning
Current view =Current view = Less than 100% Less than 100% frequency is best for learningfrequency is best for learning
Current view based on research that hasinvestigated the following techniques that reduce augmented feedback frequency