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Chapter 15Chapter 15
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• The Gilded Age suggests that there was a glittering layer of prosperity that covered the poverty and corruption that existed in much of society. This term was coined by Mark Twain.
• In the late 1800’s businesses operated without much government regulation. This is known as laissez-faire economics. Laissez-faire means ‘allow to be’ in French.
Gilded Age PoliticsChapter 15, Section 1
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Urban Growth
• When cities increased in size after the Industrial Revolution, it was called urban growth.
• In the West, new town grew out of nothing as railroads expanded.
• In the East, established cities grew due to industrialization and the job opportunities it created.
• As industrialization continued, many people left their farms and migrated to the cities for work.
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Immigration
• The 2nd half of the 19th century (late 1800s) also saw a dramatic increase in immigration.
• In the East, most immigrants came from Europe, while on the west coast, many immigrated from China to work on US railway lines.
• What were the push-pull factors? • By the end of the 1800s, nearly 80% of New
Yorkers were foreign born. • Industrialization was largely responsible for the
immigration boom. • The US became a land of promise much like it had
been for the 1st colonists 300 years before.
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Ellis Island
• To handle the influx of immigrants into the country, the federal govt opened Ellis Island in 1892
• A tiny island near the Statue of Liberty in NYC, it became the reception center for immigrants arriving to the US. “The golden door.”
• The diversity immigrants brought to American inpsired the phrase, “melting pot.”
• Most immigrants did not want to fully assimilate (become like the US mainstream). They wanted to maintain many of their cultural traditions.
• In large cities, the nation began to experience a great deal of cultural pluralism (presence of many different cultures within one society).
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Inscription on the Statue of Liberty
"Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
Emma Lazarus, 1883
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Who are the immigrants today?
• How are they regarded? • What are the stereotypes? • Why do they come here? • What do they do? • How are they treated by natives?
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Problems Caused by Immigration
• Many US citizens felt that immigrants took jobs away from natives, and they often mistrusted foreigners with unfamiliar cultural ways.
• In 1892, the federal government required all new immigrants to undergo a physical exam.
• Immigrants with contagious diseases, such as tuberculosis, faced quarantine, a time of isolation to prevent the spread of disease.
• Urban neighborhoods dominated by one ethnic or racial group of immigrants were called ghettos.
• Most ghettos formed because immigrants felt more comfortable living near people with the same language and traditions.
• Some ghettos formed when ethnic groups isolated themselves because of threats of violence, mostly from whites.
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What are the similarities?
• How is 21st century immigration alike or different from 19th century immigration?
• Did anyone in your family immigrate?
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Religious Differences
• Most US citizens were Protestants, while many of the arriving immigrants were Catholics and Jews.
• The religious practices of immigrants often conflicted with those of natives.
• Natives also treated immigrants differently depending on where they came from. Before the Civil War, most immigrants were from western Europe, and as such were Protestant whites.
• In the late 19th and early 20th, centuries, however, many immigrants were from eastern and southern Europe (Poland, Russia, Italy), and were Catholic or Jewish.
• Racism towards this new crop of immigrants was intense and many faced discrimination b/c of their religious and ethnic differences.
• There was also conflict among various immigrant groups- people from one nation or ethnic group developed rivalries with others.
• Gangs of New York
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”Bandits’ Roost””Bandits’ Roost”
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Mullen’s Alley ”Gang”Mullen’s Alley ”Gang”
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1890s ”Morgue” – Basement Saloon
1890s ”Morgue” – Basement Saloon
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Chapter 15, Section 2
Immigrants from Europe
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Nativism
• As feelings of nativism grew (racism toward immigrants), anti-immigrant groups formed.
• Immigrants were often the victims of violence and discrimination.
• The govt reacted to nativist concerns by attempting to pass laws restricting immigration. Some measures were vetoed by US presidents, but once passed restricting immigration from China.
• The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibited Chinese immigrants from coming to the US and was not repealed until 1943.
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It’s a Hard-Knock Life
• Though industrialization brought innovation and job opportunities, it also created problems for the urban poor.
• Child labor was common in mills and factories, b/c poor families needed everyone working to get by.
• Children as young as 5 had to leave school to work- missing out on education continued the cycle of poverty.
• Workers feared losing their jobs, b/c unemployment and disability didn’t exist. Does child labor still exist?
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Sweatshops
• Factory work was monotonous and left employees feeling very little sense of pride.
• Hours were long, wages were low, and factory conditions were often dangerous and unsanitary.
• Sweatshops were also hazardous- makeshift factories set up by private contractors in small apartments in or unused buildings.
• Sweatshops were poorly lit and ventilated and unsafe- they relied on poor unskilled laborers (usually immigrants) who worked long hours for little pay.
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The Ghetto
• Immigrants and poor urban workers usually lived in urban slums (poor, inner-city neighborhoods) in tenements (overcrowded apartments that housed several families).
• The slums often had open sewers that attracted rats and other disease-spreading pests.
• The air was dark and polluted with soot from coal-fired steam engines.
• The tenements were poorly ventilated and full of fire hazards. Often, they were occupied by more than 1 family crammed together into a small apartment.
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Chapter 15, Section 3
Urban Living Conditions
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“Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC
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Dumbbell Tenement PlanDumbbell Tenement Plan
Tenement House Act of 1879, NYCTenement House Act of 1879, NYC
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Mulberry Street Bend, 1889
Mulberry Street Bend, 1889
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Immigrant Family Lodgings
Immigrant Family Lodgings
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Italian Rag-PickerItalian Rag-Picker
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Lower East Side Immigrant Family
Lower East Side Immigrant Family
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A Struggling Immigrant Family
A Struggling Immigrant Family
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Another Struggling Immigrant Family
Another Struggling Immigrant Family
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How Cities Grew
• Before the Civil War cities were small. Most people walked wherever they needed to go.
• The introduction of the horse-drawn carriage allowed people to move out of the cites to the suburbs, or residential communities surrounding the cities.
• Later in the 1800s, motorized transportation made commuting even easier.
• The first electric trolleys opened in 1868 in New York and the first subway trains appeared in Boston in 1897.
• Buildings became taller too. The first skyscraper in Chicago was ten stories tall.
Chapter 15, Section 3
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Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897
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Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott
Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899
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Western
Union Bldg,. NYC - 1875
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ManhattanLife
Insurance
Bldg.
NYC - 1893
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SingerBuilding
NYC - 1902
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Woolworth Bldg.
NYC - 1911
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FlatironBuilding
NYC – 1902
D. H. Burnha
m
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Jacob Riis:
How the
Other Half Lived(1890)
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Tenement Slum Living
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Lodgers Huddled Together
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Tenement Slum Living
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Struggling Immigrant Families
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Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”
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St. Patrick’s
Cathedral
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Hester Street – Jewish Section
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1900Rosh
Hashanah
GreetingCard
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Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC
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BibliographyBibliographyÔ Davis, Hadley. “Reform and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.” Concord Review womenshistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/ offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. tcr.org%2Ftriangle.html
Ô “Famous Trials: The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Trial - 1911.” www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/ triangle/trianglefire.html
Ô “The Triangle Fire.” www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/