Chapter 16Chapter 16
Healthy Body Healthy Body SystemsSystems
The CellThe Cell The smallest unit of structure in a The smallest unit of structure in a
living organismliving organism Robert HookeRobert Hooke – Identified & – Identified &
coined the term “coined the term “CellCell” when he ” when he saw cork under the microscope saw cork under the microscope
He used a compound microscopeHe used a compound microscope
CellsCells Leeuwenhoek used a simple microscope and looked Leeuwenhoek used a simple microscope and looked
at pond waterat pond water He saw living creatures that swam and moved He saw living creatures that swam and moved
around – calling them “animicules”around – calling them “animicules”
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
The relationship between cells and living thingsThe relationship between cells and living things All living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of structureCells are the basic unit of structure All cells are produced from other cellsAll cells are produced from other cells
Cellular OrganizationCellular OrganizationCells Cells Tissue Tissue Organs Organs Organ System Organ System Organism Organism
Cells – The basic unit of structure of all living thingsMost cells contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles & a nucleus.
Tissue – a group of similar cells that perform a similar function
Organ – Different tissues that all work together performing a specific job
Examples: Heart, liver, brain, lungs, femur, spleen, stomach, kidneys
Organ System – a group of related organs working together to perform a major function
11 human systems recognized include the digestive and respiratory
An Organ – An Organ – a collection of tissuesa collection of tissues
4 Main Types of Tissue4 Main Types of Tissue Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue – tissues w/ the ability to contract – tissues w/ the ability to contract
Striated, Smooth & CardiacStriated, Smooth & Cardiac
Nerve TissueNerve Tissue – tissues w/ the ability to send & – tissues w/ the ability to send & receive electrical impulsesreceive electrical impulses Brain, spinal cord & nerve cellsBrain, spinal cord & nerve cells
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue – tissues that cover the surfaces – tissues that cover the surfaces of the body (inside & out)of the body (inside & out) Skin, linings of the mouth, stomach & intestinal liningsSkin, linings of the mouth, stomach & intestinal linings
Connective TissueConnective Tissue – tissues that provide support & – tissues that provide support & structure to the bodystructure to the body Bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, fat, & bloodBones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, fat, & blood
Keeping the Keeping the Body in BalanceBody in Balance
a.a. HomeostasiHomeostasiss – the process that keeps the – the process that keeps the body’s internal environment stable in spite body’s internal environment stable in spite of ever changing external environmental of ever changing external environmental conditionsconditions
b.b. Maintaining body temperature via Maintaining body temperature via sweating, hard breathing etc.sweating, hard breathing etc.
c.c. Stress disturbs homeostasis and the body Stress disturbs homeostasis and the body reacts to return to “normal”reacts to return to “normal”
““Fight or Flight Syndrome”Fight or Flight Syndrome” - Adrenaline - Adrenaline
11 Human Organ Systems11 Human Organ Systems
Circulatory Digestive EndocrineExcretory Immune Musculature
Nervous ReproductiveSkeletal
IntegumentarySkeletalSkeletalSkeletal
RespiratorySkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletal
The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System carries materials carries materials
to and away from to and away from all body cells all body cells
includes the heart includes the heart (duel pump), (duel pump), arteries, veins, arteries, veins, capillaries and capillaries and
bloodblood
The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System takes food and takes food and
converts it into converts it into materials that can materials that can be used at the be used at the cellular levelcellular level
includes the includes the esophagus, esophagus, stomach, small stomach, small intestines, large intestines, large intestines, etc.intestines, etc.
controls many of controls many of the body functions the body functions by the release of by the release of hormones that hormones that affect the other affect the other body systemsbody systems
include the adrenal include the adrenal glands, the glands, the thalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and hypothalamus and thyroid glandsthyroid glands
The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System
The Excretory SystemThe Excretory System takes waste takes waste
products made products made at the cellular at the cellular level and level and removes them removes them from the blood.from the blood.
Examples Examples include kidneys, include kidneys, ureter, urethra ureter, urethra and the bladder.and the bladder.
The Immune The Immune SystemSystem
Used to fight of Used to fight of infections from bacteria infections from bacteria & viruses (some include & viruses (some include as part of circulatory as part of circulatory system) system)
includes the lymph includes the lymph vessels, nodes, T cells, vessels, nodes, T cells, B cells, lymphocytes & B cells, lymphocytes & other antibodiesother antibodies
The Musculature SystemThe Musculature System enables the enables the
body to move, body to move, moves food thru moves food thru the digestive the digestive system, keeps system, keeps the heart beatingthe heart beating
include biceps, include biceps, heart, smooth heart, smooth muscle, triceps muscle, triceps and the Gluteus and the Gluteus maximus.maximus.
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System detects and detects and
interprets interprets information the information the body receives body receives from the outside from the outside environment and environment and allows the body allows the body to react to react accordinglyaccordingly
Examples Examples include the brain, include the brain, spinal cord, and spinal cord, and sensory organssensory organs
The Reproductive SystemThe Reproductive System allows for the allows for the
continuation of life, continuation of life, produces sex cells produces sex cells that allow for creation that allow for creation of offspring. Controls of offspring. Controls male and female male and female characteristics.characteristics.
Include testes, Include testes, uterus, ovaries, uterus, ovaries,
sperm, egg, etc.sperm, egg, etc.
The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System supplies oxygen to supplies oxygen to
the body while the body while removing carbon removing carbon dioxide dioxide
include the lungs, include the lungs, trachea and trachea and bronchi, bronchioli, bronchi, bronchioli, alveoli & alveoli & diaphragm. diaphragm.
supports, gives supports, gives shape and protects shape and protects the body. Serves as the body. Serves as attachment for the attachment for the muscles and muscles and produces new blood produces new blood cells in its marrow.cells in its marrow.
Examples include Examples include the ribs, femur, the ribs, femur, humerous and humerous and phalangesphalanges
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
The Integumentary SystemThe Integumentary System the skin and its the skin and its
underlying materials underlying materials protects the body, protects the body, water regulation and water regulation and maintains body maintains body temperature.temperature.
includes the skin, oil includes the skin, oil glands, hair & glands, hair & suncutaneous fatsuncutaneous fat
Chapter 16Chapter 16
That’s All Folks!!That’s All Folks!!