Download - Chapter 17 Section 3
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Chapter 17Chapter 17Section 3Section 3The Rise of
Militarism
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Mussolini in Italy• Although on the winning side of WWI, thousands of Italian
veterans were unable to find jobs and many joined the Italian Communist Party
• To destroy the Communist Party and promote his own power, {Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party} in 1921
• {Fascists believed that a military dominated government should control all aspects of society.}
• Clashes between Communists and Fascists created a situation that bordered on civil war
• In October 1922 {Mussolini led an army called the Blackshirts} to march on Rome and occupied the city
• Mussolini was made prime minister of Italy and used his power to march on a weak Ethiopia.
• Because the U.S. did not want to get pulled into the conflict it refused aid to both sides. This hurt Ethiopia more than Italy
• It also portrayed to other fascist countries, like Germany, that aggression would go unpunished
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Mussolini's Blackshirts included men, women and children
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Stalin and the Soviet Union
• After the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, a struggle broke out among the Communist Party leaders
• By using unethical means, such as the assassination of his competition and enemies, Joseph Stalin came to by the country’s leader
• Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a {totalitarian state- a country where the government has complete control.}
• He began taking private lands by force. When the farmers would fight back they would be sent to labor camps (along with about 15 million others by 1933)
• With no farmers, Stalin’s policy resulted in widespread famine • {Stalin enforced his rule through the Red Army.} • Stalin began a campaign to eliminate all perceived enemies
from the Communist Party with the Red Army
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Hitler in Germany
• In 1932 Hitler’s Nazi Party won nearly 40% of the vote in national elections
• Hitler wrote Mein Kampf while in prison. His book laid out his plans for Germany and blamed Jews, Communists and intellectuals for Germany’s decline
• {Hitler’s government was called the Third Reich.} It claimed dictatorial powers like prohibiting non-Nazis from holding governmental positions
• {Hitler’s Nazi soldiers became known known as Brownshirts}• Hitler rearmed Germany which was in violation of the Treaty of
Versailles. But Hitler said that the rearmament was to help the economy and reduce unemployment
• In March 1936, German troops moved into the Rhineland. Two years later they took Austria. He then turned to Czechoslovakia.
• Czech. refused to surrender
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Anti-Semitism
• Meanwhile Hitler’s {anti-Semitism, or hatred of Jews}, became official government policy.
• In 1935 Hitler instituted the Nuremberg Laws, which stated that Jews were no longer German citizens and endorsed the destruction of Jewish property.
• On November 9, 1938, Nazi’s burned down synagogues and destroyed Jewish businesses in a violent display that was just a glimpse of what was to come for the Jewish population in what was came to be known as Kristallnacht “the night of broken glass”
• Increased oppression led many Jews to flee the country, {but the vast majority had neither the money or the means to leave Germany}
• Hundreds came to the United States, but the U.S. had strict immigration laws. Despite such atrocities as the Kristallnacht, Americans were unwilling to encourage Jewish immigration
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Franco in Spain
• Fascism also spread to Spain• In 1931 a new constitution was put into effect that limited the
power of the military and the Catholic Church. • Feeling threatened, the military united under the leadership of
{General Francisco Franco• In July 1936 the Fascist army tried to overthrow the government,
starting the Spanish Civil War.}• After about three years of fighting, Franco took over the
government with German and Italian aid• But again fearing involvement in a war, Roosevelt kept the U.S.
from sending aid• A number of {Americans formed the Popular Front- an
international alliance that was united against fascism} • After the Spanish Civil War, many remained bitter about
America’s failure to support their cause
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Militarists in Japan
• As Germany was threatening Europe, Japan’s military forces were gaining power.
• The military forces sought to lessen Japans reliance on foreign imports, lessen the influence of western countries in Asia and expansion through East Asia and the Pacific
• The poor condition of the economy of Japan led to the appeal of the militarists’ position
• In violation of their Washington Conference promises, Japan invaded Manchuria and began to build up a large navy.
• On July 7, 1937, Japan and China battled near Beijing, leading to a full scale war.
• Japan launched bombing raids against Chinese cities and that December Japanese troops occupied the Chinese city of Nanjing
• Although the League of Nations and the U.S. condemned Japan’s actions, they failed to stop them
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The Japanese attack on the Chinese city of
Nanjing
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Art stature outside the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Museum
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China