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Chapter 19: From Stalemate to Crisis
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Party Loyalties
– Both parties less about party policies, more about:• Religion• Tradition• Region• Culture
– Democrats• White Southerners• Catholics• Recent immigrants• Poor workers
– Republicans• Northern Protestants• “Old Stock” citizens• Middle Class• Favored Issues like:
– Immigration Restrictions
– Temperence
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The National Government
• Few Responsibilites– Mail– National Defense– Foreign Affairs– Tax Collection/Tariffs– Some economic infrastructure– Civil War Pension System• Some wanted to pass old-age pension system for all• Corruption and patronage
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Presidents and Patronage
• Political patronage: the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. Similar to Spoils System
• Patronage hindered ability of some Presidents to govern– Rutherford B. Hayes– Stalwarts and Half-breeds• Competing for Republican power and share of
patronage• Overshadowed Hayes Presidency
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Garfield Assassinated
• Shot by Stalwarts opposed to his civil service reform
• Lived for 2 months– Alexander Graham Bell and Garfield• How the new metal spring coil mattress helped kill the
President.
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
• Popular demand for curbing power of trusts• Used more against unions
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Grangers
• Origins: – The Grange: Social and self-help association• Later focus on political change: Depression of 1873• Formed after Civil War:
– Learn new scientific methods– Create community support
– Depression of 1873• Caused decline in farm prices• Rise in membership to 800,000 (20,000 lodges)
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New Demands/Goals
• Marketing cooperatives– Eliminate the middleman– Cooperative political action• Stop monopoly power of the Railroads• Farmer’s Declaration of Independence
– “Free themselves from the tyranny of monopoly”
• Results– Cooperative stores– Creameries– Warehouses– Businesses– Montgomery Ward: Mail-order business
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• PAC: Political Action Committee– Worked to elect legislators– Gained control of some legislatures• Sought to regulate railroads
• Results– Courts undid many laws– Recovery of late 1870’s • Diminished interest• Membership shrinks to 100,000 by 1880
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Farmer’s Alliances
• Southern Alliance 1880- 4 million members• Northwestern Alliance• Accomplishments– Formed cooperatives: Eliminate middleman• Stores• Banks• Processing plants
– Replace destructive competition with cooperation
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Women and the Alliances
• Full voting members• Lecturers• Office holders• Mary Lease: “raise less corn and more hell”• Many urged temperance: – anti-alcohol movement
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Populism
• Formed from different farm groups and alliances.
• Appeal– Small family farmers • with limited access to credit• Sharecroppers and tenant farmers• Marginalized because of geography• Sense of new found community
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– Pushed for:• Black members– Reluctantly allowed into movement– Whites dominated the leadership• Pressure from Southern states : to maintain white
supremacy.
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Populist Platform
• Free Silver• Anti-National Bank• Direct of election of Senators• Govt. store houses to establish – Bumper Crops– Allows price of crops to be manipulated.
• Nationalization of – Utilities and Railroads
• Graduated Income Tax
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• Evidence of bigotry/anti-Semitism• Challenge to Laisseiz-faire Economics– Growth should focus on the needs of the people
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The Panic of 1893
• Most severe depression in history• Caused by:– Business failures– Stock collapse– Bank failures (leveraged in stocks)– Tight Credit– More business failures– Low crop prices– Overexpansion– Weak Demand
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• 20% Unemployment• Demonstrated inter-dependent national
markets – Some global effects: Weak European Demand for
goods• Weakness till 1901
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Reaction
• Social Unrest from unemployed• Fear of radical labor unrest• Jacob Coxey: called for Govt. works projects– Coxey’s Army: March on Washington• 500 protestors• Ignored by Congress
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The Silver Question
• What is backing our currency today?• People demanded that currency be backed by
gold and silver.• Crime of ‘73: Protest of “demonetization” of
silver. – People wanted coining of silver to be reinstated– “Free Silver”– Cause inflation:• Raise farm pricess• Reduce debt burden
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• Populist reasons:– Gold symbol of oppression and tyranny– Silver: The “People’s “ Money– Ease farmer debt burden: inflation
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Election of 1896
• Dominated by currency question• Democrats adopt “Free Silver” plank• Nominate:– William Jennings Bryan– Cross of Gold Speech– Modern Campaigner
• Populist platform too narrow for national victory
• Demise of People’s Party
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McKinley and Recovery
• Brought reassurance and stability• Farm prices on the rise (European Crop
failures)• Currency Act of 1900: Reaffirmed gold
standard• End of the depression hurt Populist
enthusiasm