Download - Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Building Blocks of MatterThe basic unit of matter is the atom
◦Atoms are made of subatomic particles: protons (+), electrons (-), and neutrons
◦Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus
◦Electrons move around in orbitals outside of the nucleus
Atoms of the same element but with different neutrons are isotopes◦Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Radioactive
Carbon-14
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Building Blocks of MatterTwo or more elements can combine to
form compounds (H2O)
◦Ionic bonds hold a compound together by a transfer of an electron leading to charged elements (NaCl)
◦Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between elements (H2O)
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Building Blocks of LifeElement – Substance that can’t be
broken down into simpler chemical substances.
Carbon - the element of life as it can combine with other elements and with itself to form long complex structures. It must have 4 bonds.
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MacromoleculesMacromolecules – big molecules
Monomers – small subunits (building blocks) of large molecules, ex. Glucose is the monomer of starch, a polymer
Polymer- made of many molecules, ex. proteins, nucleic acids
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CarbohydratesMain source of energy for living
organisms (glucose)Organisms store energy as complex
carbohydrates called starches
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CarbohydratesMonosaccharide – single sugar.
Polysaccharide – large molecules formed from monosaccharides.
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LipidsComposed predominately of
carbon and hydrogen atoms (limited oxygen)
Includes fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Composed of glycerol and fatty acids
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Lipids
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Nucleic AcidsComposed of monomers called
nucleotides◦Composed of 5-C sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base◦Joined together to form nucleic acids:
ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information
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Nucleic Acids
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ProteinsContain nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogenMonomer: amino acids20 different amino acids are found in
nature, leads to significant diversity in proteins
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ProteinsProteins are the doers of life
◦Controls rates of reactions◦Regulate cells processes◦Form bones and cells◦Transport substances into and out of
cells
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Proteins
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Organic MacromoleculesCompound Subunit(s) Elements Function ExamplesCarbohydrates
Glucose or sugar
C, H, O Main energy source
Structure
glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen
Lipids(fats & oils)
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
C, H, O Energy storage Protective
coverings
Phospholipids, steroids
Proteins
Amino acids
C,H,O,N, & usu. S
Muscles/bones/ structure
Control reaction rates
Regulation Transport
substances Fight disease
Insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin, muscle fibers
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides C, H, O, N, P
Store and transmit genetic information
DNA, RNA
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Chemical ReactionsChemical reactions involve the
breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products◦Those entering the reaction are
reactants◦Products are produced by the
reaction
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Chemical ReactionsEquations must balance. Atoms are not
created or destroyed, just rearranged.
Example: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
Reactants are on the left and enter into the reaction.
Products are on the right and result from the reaction.
Metabolism – All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
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Energy in Reactions2H2 + O2 2H2O
◦Occurs naturally, releasing energy◦The reverse reaction: 2H2O 2H2 +
O2 requires so much energy it rarely occurs
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Chemical ReactionsActivation energy – energy needed to get a
reaction started.Catalyst – substance that speeds up the rate
of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes – proteins that speed up chemical reactions because they lower the activation energy. Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together. (This reduces the energy needed for the reaction, called activation energy).
Substrate – the reactant(s) the enzymes fit.
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Enzymes
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Enzymes
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EnzymesEnzymes can be affected by any
variable that affects chemical reactions including temperature and pH
Enzyme activity are regulated by cells often by turning them on or off
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Characteristics of EnzymesSpecific (a special shape; use induced
fit)ReusableNot consumed (used) in the reactionAffected by factors such as pH and
temperature.
Enzymes are specific because they are proteins made by folding into a 3-D shape (linked to their function).
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Properties of WaterAlthough water is neutral, it does have
polarity◦Water molecule is polar because of
uneven distribution of electrons◦The oxygen end has a slight negative
charge◦The hydrogen end has slight positive
charge
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Properties of WaterDue to its polarity, water can
hydrogen bond with itself (attract itself)◦Weaker than ionic bonding (NaCl)◦Cohesion is attraction of molecules
of same substance (beads of water)◦Adhesion is attraction of molecules
of different substances (water and graduated cylinder)
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Properties of WaterWater is not always pure, it is often
found as a mixture (material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically combined)◦If the materials are evenly
distributed it is called a solution◦The substance that is dissolved is
the solute◦The substance that dissolves is the
solvent
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Properties of WaterWhen material does not dissolve a
suspension is formed◦Example: blood cells and water◦The movement of the water keeps
the small particles suspended
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Acids and BasespH – A measure of how acidic or basic a
solution is. Scale is 0 to 14. Below 7 is acidic. Above 7 is basic. 7 is neutral
Acidic solutions have higher concentration of H+ ions than pure water (pH 7)
Basic solutions have a lower concentration of H+ ions than pure water
Buffers – prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
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Acids and Bases
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Acids and Bases