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Chapter 2: Earth Materials
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Elements and Compounds• Element
– Most fundamental substance into which matter can be separated by chemical means
• Atom– Smallest single particle that keeps
element’s distinct chemical properties
– Protons (+)– Neutrons (neutral)– Electrons (-)– Net atom charge
• Protons (+) + electrons (-)
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Elements and Compounds• Atomic number
– # of protons• Atomic mass
– # of protons + # of neutrons
• Isotopes– Atoms with same
atomic # but different mass #
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Elements & Compounds• Electron (-)
– Electron “shells”– Ion
– Cation (+)– Anion (-)
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Compounds, molecules and bonding• Compound
– Combo of atoms from 1 or more elements in specific ratio
• Molecule– Smallest unit with all properties
of a specific compound• Bond
– Force that holds together atoms in molecules &/or compounds
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Compounds, molecules & bonding• Ionic Bonding
– 1 atom transfers electron to another
• Gain or lose electrons
– I.e. = Table salt (sodium chloride or NaCl)
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Compounds, molecules and bonding• Covalent Bond
– Electrons from different atoms “pair up” & create bond
• Share electrons
– Strongest of chemical bonds
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Compounds, molecules and bonding• Metallic Bond
– Electrons shared among several atoms
• Outer electrons drift between atoms
– Good conductors of heat & electricity
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Compounds, molecules and bonding• Van der Waals Bond
– Attraction between electrically neutral molecules with asymmetrical charge
• Dipolar molecules• Weak bonds• I.e. Water
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What Is a Mineral?• Mineral
– Naturally formed– Solid– Inorganic – Specific crystal structure – Specific chemical composition
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Composition of minerals• Atomic substitution
– Elements with similar size & charge can substitute for each other
• Crystal structure– Atoms/molecules arranged
into regular patterns
– Mineraloid• Polymorphs
– Same chemical composition but different crystal structure
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Telling minerals apart• Luster
– Quality & intensity of light reflection• Metallic• Non-metallic
– Vitreous– Resinous– Pearly
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Telling minerals apart• Crystal form
– Any flat or planar surface that forms during mineral growth
• Habit– Particular mineral’s
distinctive shape
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Telling minerals apart• Hardness
– Mineral’s resistance to scratching
– Mohs scale (1-10)
Talc
Fluorite
Calcite
Gypsum
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond
Quartz
Feldspar
Apatite
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mineral Hardness Image Common Objects Reference
Fingernail (2.5)
Copper Penny (3.5)
Wire Nail (4.5)
Glass (5.5)
Streak Plate (6.5)
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Telling minerals apart• Cleavage
– Mineral breaks in a regular pattern
– Relates to crystal structure within mineral
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Telling minerals apart• Color
– Least reliable• Light absorbed by mineral
• Streak– Powdered trace of mineral made by rubbing specimen
across unglazed porcelain piece
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Telling minerals apart• Density
– Mass / volume– Compactness
of atoms• Other mineral properties
– Birefringent• Double images
– Effervescence• Fizzes in acid
– Magnetic• Attracted to magnet
– Luminescence or fluorescence
• UV “glow”
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Mineral families & their uses• Minerals of Earth’s crust
– Silicate minerals• Minerals contain both silicon & oxygen
– Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron• 1 Si atom bonded to 4 O atoms
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Mineral families & resources• Other minerals of
Earth’s crust– Oxides– Carbonates
• Ore deposits– Localized concentration
that can be extracted profitably
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Rocks: A First Look• Rock
– Naturally formed aggregate of minerals & possibly other non-mineral matter
– Record history of Earth processes
Granite
Quartz
Feldspar
Biotite
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Rocks: A First Look• Igneous
– Form by cooling & solidification of molten rock• Magma
• Sedimentary– Form under conditions of
low pressure & low temperature near the surface
• Metamorphic– Altered by exposure to high
temperature, high pressure or both