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Chapter 2: Ecology
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What is Ecology?
• The study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment
• Humans have been students of ecology for a long time
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Components of Ecology
• Ecology Includes:– Species Interactions– Distribution and Abundance of organisms– Reactions Adaptation
) ) ) ) ) )
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2 Factors Addressed by Ecologists
• Abiotic (non-living)
• Biotic
• Can you think of some examples?
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Ecological Niche Theory
• Niche- An organisms role in its environment– Describes when, where, and how a species
makes its living.
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Classification of Species Interactions
• Competition
• Predation
• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
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Competition (-,-)
= One individual gets resource @ expense of another individual
• Requirements– Limited Resources
• Types– Interspecific Competition– Intraspecific Competition
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
Paramecium caudatum
Paramecium aurelia
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Competitive Exclusion Principle(Gause 1934)
• Two species cannot coexist if they occupy the same niche
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Is Competitive Exclusion the Only Answer?
• Resource Partitioning is another option
MacArthur’s warblers (1958)
Robert MacArthur
Left to right: Cape May, Yellow-rumped, Black-throated Green, Blackburnian, and Bay-breasted Warblers. Black areas in stylized conifers show where feeding is concentrated.
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Predation (+,-)
• One organism kills and eats another organism **
• Are deer predators?
** Note: this definition is different (better) than the definition in your textbook. Go with this one.
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Commensalism (+,0)
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Mutualism (+,+)
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Parasitism (+,-)
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Chapter 20: Ecosystems
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What is an Ecosystem?
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Food Web
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Water Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Climate
• What causes the existence of different climates?
• Are the terms “weather” and “climate” synonymous?
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Earth’s Shape & Orbit Influence Climate
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Wind Patterns
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Rain Shadow
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Ocean Currents