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Chapter 2:Chapter 2:Inside theInside the
Computer SystemComputer System
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Objectives Objectives Understand how computers
represent data.Understand the measurements
used to describe data transfer rates and data storage capacity.
List the components found inside the system unit and explain their use.
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Objectives Objectives List the components found on the
computer’s motherboard and explain their role in the computer system.
Discuss (in general terms) how a CPU processes data.
Explain the factors that determine a microprocessor’s performance.
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Objectives Objectives List the various types of memory
found in a computer system and explain the purpose of each.
Describe the various physical connectors on the exterior of the system unit and explain their use.
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How Computers How Computers Represent DataRepresent Data
• Binary numberso Only 0s and 1s
• Bito Smallest piece of data a computer can
work witho Either “on” or “off,” a 0 or a 1o Eight bits—byte—a single unit of storage
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How Computers How Computers Represent DataRepresent Data
Data storage is in byteso Kilobyte (KB)—one thousand byteso Megabyte (MB)—one million byteso Gigabytes (GB)—one billion byteso Terabyte (TB)—one trillion bytes
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(101)2= 5
(1001)2= 9
(11011)2= 27
20 = 1 , 21= 2, 22= 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ….
Converting from Converting from Binary to decimal and Binary to decimal and
vice-versavice-versa
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How Computers How Computers Represent DataRepresent Data
• Characterso Letters, numbers, and symbols—converted
into numbers the computer understands
• Character codeo Performs the conversion
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
• Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
• Unicode
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Introducing theIntroducing theSystem UnitSystem Unit
• System unito Case that contains the major hardware
components of a computero Come in different stylesForm factor—specifies how the internal
components are located within the system unit.
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o Motherboardo CPUo Power supplyo Cooling fan
o Internal speakero Drive bayso Expansion slots
• System unit main components
Inside the System UnitInside the System Unit
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Inside the System UnitInside the System Unit
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Inside the System UnitInside the System Unit
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
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Motherboardo Circuit board that contains the electrical
circuitry for the computero The majority of parts found on the
motherboard are integrated circuits.• Includes millions of transistors and
carries electrical current
What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
• Central processing unit (CPU)o Integrated circuit chip that processes
electronic signalso Also known as a microprocessor or
processor
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
• CPU (con’t.)o Is usually covered by a heat sink
• A heat-dissipating component that drains heat from the chip
o Instruction—An operation performed by the CPU and assigned a specific number
o Instruction set—The list of CPU instructions for the operations
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
• CPU (con’t.) Control unit
• Retrieves instructions from memory• Interprets and performs those instructions• Manages the machine cycle or processing
cycle, the four-part process performed by the CPU
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) o Performs arithmetic and logical operations
o Involve adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividingo Logical operations involve comparisons between two
or more data items. Registers
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
Machine cycleo Instruction cycle
• Fetch: Retrieves program instructions• Decode: Determines what the program is
telling the computer to doo Execution cycle:
• Execute: Performs the requested action• Store: Stores the results to an internal
register
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
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o Number of existing transistorso Data bus width and word sizeo Clock speedo Operations per microprocessor cycleo Use of parallel processingo Type of chip
Factors that affect the performanceFactors that affect the performance
of a CPU include: of a CPU include:
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Data buso Group of parallel wires that connect the
CPU’s internal componentso Width measured in bitso Maximum number of bits the CPU can
process at once is called the word sizeo Determines which operating systems and
software a CPU can run
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
• System clockoElectronic circuit that produces rapid pulses
and coordinates the computer’s internal activities.
oClock speed—measurement of the electrical pulses generated by the system clock, usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
• System clock (con’t.)oSuperscalar architecture—enables the CPU
to perform more than one instruction for each clock cycle
oPipelining—enables the CPU to process more than one instruction at a time improving performance
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
• Parallel processingo Method where
more than one processor performs at the same time—faster processing
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
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• Multi-core processing o Access time reduced o Processing time improvedo Each core handles incoming streams of data
or instructions at the same timeo Two basic types:
• Dual core• Quad core
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• Chipseto Set of chips that supply the switching
circuitry the CPU requires to move data throughout the computer
o The CPU and the input/output (I/O) bus linked through the chipset
• Provides a means to communicate with input and output devices
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• Memoryo Chips on the motherboard or within the CPU that
retain instructions and data
• Random access memory (RAM)o Temporarily stores data and instructions for the CPUo Volatile—contents erased after computer is shut offo Allows CPU to access or store data and instructions
quickly through RAM’s memory address feature• Identifies and locates stored data
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
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• RAM (con’t.)o Comes in the form of memory modules or
memory cardso Memory modules (memory cards)—small
circuit boards that hold several RAM chips and fits into special slots on the motherboard
o Types of RAM:• Dual inline memory modules (DIMM)—
most common today o 168-pin connector o 64-bit transfer rate
• Single inline memory modules (SIMM)—older technology
o 72-pin connectoro 32-bit transfer rate
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
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• Memory footprinto Amount of RAM the operating system uses
while it operates
• Virtual memoryo Section of the hard drive set aside to use
when RAM gets full
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
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• Cache memoryo Small unit of ultrafast memory built into or near
the processoro Used to store frequently or recently access
program instructions or datao Faster than RAMo More expensive than RAMo Three levels of cache on a system:
• Level 1 (L1) cache (primary cache)• Level 2 (L2) cache (secondary cache)• Level 3 (L3) cache
o Found on some newer microprocessorso Primarily used in servers and workstations
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What’s on theWhat’s on theMotherboard?Motherboard?
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• Read-only memory (ROM)oContains prerecorded instructions to start
the computeroNonvolatile—contents stored when CPU
power off• Basic input/output system (BIOS)
oFirst code run when the system is powered on
• Power-on self-test (POST)oChecks circuitry and RAM, marking
defective locations
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What’s on the Outside What’s on the Outside of the Box?of the Box?
• Front panelo Power switch
• Used to turn the computer ono Drive activity light
• Advises the user that the hard drive is retrieving data
o Power-on light• Shows whether the power is on
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What’s on the Outside What’s on the Outside of the Box?of the Box?
• Outside a system unito Connector—physical receptacle used to plug a
peripheral device into the computer• Example: telephone jack
o Port—electronically defined pathway used to send data into and retrieve data from the computer• Example: USB port
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What’s on the Outside What’s on the Outside of the Box?of the Box?
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What’s on the Outside What’s on the Outside of the Box?of the Box?
Connectors on a notebook may vary
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What’s on the Outside What’s on the Outside of the Box?of the Box?
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• USB (universal serial bus) portso Connects up to 127
peripheral deviceso USB 2.0 (high-speed USB)—
fully compatible with USB 1.1 products, cables, and connectors
o Designed to replace older parallel and serial ports
o Connects a variety of devices to the computer, including:
• Keyboards• Mice• Printers• Digital cameras
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• USB 2.0 o Uses an external buso Supports data transfer rates of 480 Mbps between
the computer and the peripheral deviceo Supports hot swapping—ability to connect and
disconnect devices without shutting down the computer
o Plug-and-play (PnP)—allows computers to automatically detect the device when you plug it in
• USB hubo Device that plugs into existing USB porto Contains four or more additional ports
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What’s on the Outside What’s on the Outside of the Box?of the Box?
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Video connectors VGA (video graphics array) port
• 15-pin male connector—works with standard monitor cables
• Transmits analog video signals • Used for legacy technology cathode ray (CRT)
monitors DVI (Digital visual Interface) port
lets LCD monitors use digital signals Onboard video porto video circuitry built into the motherboard where the
video connector is on the back of the system unit case
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What’s on the Outside What’s on the Outside of the Box?of the Box?
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• Additional connectorso Telephoneo Networko PC card slot
• PC card• ExpressCard
o Sound cardo Game cardo TV/sound capture board
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What’s on the Outside What’s on the Outside of the Box?of the Box?
• Legacy technologyo Older technology that is being phased out
• Examples:• Serial ports• Parallel ports• PS/2 ports • SCSI (small computer system interface)
ports
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SummarySummary• Understand how computers
represent data.• Understand the measurements
used to describe data transfer rates and data storage capacity.
• List the components found inside the system unit and explain their use.
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SummarySummary• List the components found on the
computer’s motherboard and explain their role in the computer system.
• Discuss (in general terms) how a CPU processes data.
• Explain the factors that determine a microprocessor’s performance.
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SummarySummary• List the various types of memory
found in a computer system and explain the purpose of each.
• Describe the various physical connectors on the exterior of the system unit and explain their use.
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