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Chapter 2: Interactions in Ecosystems pg. 32
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2.1 Types of Interactions p. 34Symbiosis:
- is a biological relationship in which two species live closely together over time.
- Helps each species survive by providing food, shelter and protection.
- 3 types of relationships exist:a. Parasitism
b. Mutualism
c. Commensalism
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a. Parasitism
• One partner is called the “host” and the other a “parasite”.
• Host is usually bigger and is harmed
• Host does not usually die but their lifespan may be shortened.
• Parasite obtains food and shelter from host and benefits.
• Parasites can be internal or external.
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Internal Parasites
• Live inside bodies of hosts
• May stay a long time.• Ex. Tapeworms,
roundworms
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External Parasites
• Live on the surface of hosts
• May stay a short time to feed and reproduce
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b. Mutualism
• Both partners benefit
• Ex. Lichens, bees and flowers, termites
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lichens
• Grow on solid surfaces like rocks and trees
• Consist of an algae and a fungus living together
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Lichens
• Algae makes sugar just like plants which is food for both
• Fungus anchors both organisms to a surface and absorbs water needed by both
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Insects and flowers
• Insects carry pollen away and help reproduction
• Flower provides food (nectar) to the insects
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mutualism
• Bacteria living inside humans
• Birds living on zebras and rhinos
• Algae living on backs of spider crabs
• Microorganisms living in the gut of termites
• Sea anemones and hermit crabs
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c. Commensalism
• One partner benefits and the other does not gain or lose anything.
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Ex. Barnacles on the back of a whale
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Ex. Birds follow army ants
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Birds riding on water buffalo
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Food and Populations pg. 37
• Symbiosis helps an organism survive because it provides: ______________
• Predators – are organisms that hunt and kill their food– Are carnivores or meat eaters– Ex. ______________________________
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Cont’d…
• Prey
- are organisms that are hunted and killed for prey.
- ex._____________________________
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Predator-Prey Relationships
• often show changes in the size of each population that repeats in a cycle.
• size of predator population is affected by the number of prey that are available
• size of predator population is affected by the number of prey hunting them
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Lynx- Hare Populations
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2.2 Roles of Organisms in Ecosystems (Niche) Producer
• Organisms that make their own food through a process called photosynthesis.
• Ex. Plants, algae, some bacteria
Consumer• Organisms that get
their food by eating other organisms
a. Herbivores
b. Carnivores
c. Omnivores
d. Scavengers
e. Decomposers
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Photosynthesis – Producers/Autotrophs
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Bacteria – algae that live ina pond
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Plants – over 300 000 species on Earth
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Diatoms – plankton live in the ocean
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Types of Consumers
a. Herbivores
- eat only plants
ex.
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b. carnivores
• Hunt and eat other animals
• Ex.
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c. omnivores
• Eat both plants and animals
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d. scavengers
• Eat remains of dead plants and animals
• Ex. Seagulls, crows, blackbears, raven, hawk, eagle
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e. decomposers
• Do not ingest food
• Release digestive juices to the environment which break down remains of dead organisms and waste
• Absorb the digested from back in
• Ex. Bacteria, fungus, insects
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Decomposers and Food pg. 43• Food can be protected from decomposers
by:1. Keeping microorganisms out of it. (bacteria,
fungus, )
a. Vacuum packed products
b. Caning
c. Sealed plastic bags and containers
d. Freezing
e. Freeze Drying
f. Salting and pickling
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Micro-organisms
• Need a source of food
• Need water
• Have a range of tolerance for temperature and ph
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a. Vacuum Packed Products
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b. Canning
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c. Containers and bags
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d. Freezing food
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e. Freeze Drying
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f. Salting food
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Pickling food
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2. Killing or slowing growth of microorganisms already on it.
a. Washing hands, utensils and countertops before handling food
b. Washing food
c. Cooking food well
d. Radiation
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Microbes Make Food –Fermentation (to bubble)
• Is a process carried out by microorganisms where they break down sugar and produce different kinds of waste products:1. Lactic acid – stops growth of harmful
bacteria, used to make dill pickles, sauerkraut,
pickled cabbage, some sausages, cheese
2. Alcohol – used to make beer, wine
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Cont’d
3. Carbon dioxide – used to make bread rise
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Fermentation in beer
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Fermentation in cheese
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Fermentation in bread.
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Food Webs
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Energy Pyramid
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2.4: Cycles of Matter in EcosystemsNutrients:
- Are substances contained in food that are needed in small amounts by all living organisms
- Are taken in from the environment by producers
- Are transferred to consumers through a food chain/web
- Are reused when living organisms die and are broken down by decomposers.
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Cont’d…
Ex. Minerals come from the soil
Ex. Water
Ex. Carbon comes from carbohydrates and carbon dioxide,
Ex. nitrogen comes from protein
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Nutrient Cycles
• Are processes that move nutrients back and forth between the biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem.
• Ex. Carbon – Oxygen Cycle
• Ex. Nitrogen Cycle
• Ex. Phosphorous Cycle
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