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CHAPTER 2THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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I. The Nature of Matter A. Atoms – the basic unit of matter; made up of 3 subatomic particles
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1. Proton – found in the nucleus, positive charge 2. Neutron – also found in the nucleus, no charge
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3. Electron – are in constant motion in the space around the nucleus, negative charge
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B. Elements & Isotopes 1. Element consists of one type of atom, 100+ known, 1 or 2 letter symbol
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2. Isotope- atoms of an element with a different # of neutrons, some are radio- active (unstable nuclei)
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3. Chemical Compounds – 2 or more elements combined in definite proportions
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a.NaCl - chemical formula for table saltb. Sodium (Na) is a silver metal & chlorine is a green gas
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c. Salt is a white solid with different properties from either of the elements it is comprised of
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4.Chemical Bonds – atoms in compounds are held together by bonds involving the valence electrons
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a.Ionic bond – one atom (Na) transfers an electron to another (Cl)
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b. Covalent bond – atoms share electrons
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c.Van der Waals Forces – a slight attraction between
oppositely charged
portions of nearby molecules
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II. Properties of Water A. The Water Molecule (H2O)
1. Polarity – water is polar because of the uneven distribution of electrons between the O and the H, the
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O end is slightly – and the H end is slightly + 2. Hydrogen bonds- weaker, up to 4 bonds possible at once, this is responsible for adhesion and cohesion
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B. Solutions & Suspensions 1. 2 types of mixtures can be made with water a. Solution Ex. salt in H20
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Na & Cl ions areattracted by the polar H20 molecules & become dispersed(H20 is the solvent & salt is the solute)
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b. Suspensions – some materials don’t dissolve but separate into pieces small enough not to settle out
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C. Acids, Bases, & pH 1. pH scale - gives concentration of H+ ions; range 0-14
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2. Acids – a compound that forms H+ ions in solution; pH below 7
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3. Bases – forms hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution; pH above 74. Buffers – cells need pH 6.5- 7.5; buffers
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prevent too muchchange in pH
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III. Carbon Compounds A. Chemistry of C 1. C can bond with many elements including other C, has 4 valence electrons
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B. Macromolecules 1. Formed by polymerization, a process of mono- mers joining to make polymers
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Glucose
Starch
Carbohydrates
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2. Carbohydrates a. Made up of C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1 b. Used by living things as their main source of energy
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c. Composed of monomers of sugars which can combine into starch polymersd. Single sugars= monosaccharide's starch=polysaccharide
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3. Lipids a. Composed of C and H b. Known as fats, oils, and waxes c. At least 1 C-C double bond makes a fat unsaturated
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4. Nucleic Acids a. Contain H, C, O, N, and P b. Monomers called nucleotides c. Store and transmit genetic information
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DNA
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5. Proteins a. Contain N, C, H, and O b. Have an amino group(NH2) & a carboxyl group (COOH)
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c. Amino acids (20+) are the monomers which make up the protein polymerd. Protein uses 1) Control the rate of reactions
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2) Regulate cell processes3) Form bones & muscles4) Transport substances5) Fight disease
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