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Chapter 20 Section 2 The New Frontier
John F. Kennedy’s inauguration (Jan 20, 1961) set the tone for a new era at the White House JFK – 43 years old (youngest ever elected president) Eisenhower – 70 years old (oldest until Reagan)
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“So my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country.”
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JFK emphasized American art and cultureAt the inauguration,Marian Anderson sang the National Anthem.Robert Frost wrote and read a poem for the occasion.
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The Kennedy Mystique• The first family captivated the
American public• After learning that JFK could
speed-read 1,600 words a minute, thousands of people enrolled in speed-reading courses
• Jackie, too, captivated the public with her eye for fashion and culture
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The Kennedy Mystique = “The Camelot Years”
• The youthful glamour of JFK and his beautiful wife Jackie seemed like a fairy tale come to life. • Camelot - a Broadway hit musical about the romance and adventure of King Arthur’s court – ran for over 800 performances.
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“The Best and the Brightest”(His team of advisers – young
intellectuals and businesspeople)National Security Adviser-McGeorge Bundy (a Harvard U. dean)Sec. of Defense -Robert McNamara (Ford Motor Co. president)Sec. of State -Dean Rusk (Rockefeller Foundation president)Attorney General -Robert F. “Bobby” Kennedy (his 35 yr old brother)“I see nothing wrong with giving Bobby some legal experience before he goes to practice law.” -
JFK joked when asked about Bobby’s youth
Robert
McNamara
Bobby
Kennedy
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JFK was elected by the slimmest of margins, so he lacked a mandate.
Mandate - a “popular mandate” - a clear indication that the voters approve of the candidate’s plans
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Deficit Spending(spending money you don’t have)
Because US had 6% unemployment and was in a recession, JFK sent a proposal to Congress for increased spending.
Result: - Defense spending up 20% for nuclear missiles, nuclear subs, expansion of armed services-Min wage increased to $1.25
-Unemployment insurance increased-Assistance to cities with high unemployment
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Peace Corps• An International aid program started by JFK• Operated as an independent U.S. federal agency• March 1961 ($30 million budget)• 1st Director was JFK’s brother-in-law who was his
sister Eunice Kennedy’s husband: R. Sargent Shriver• What: program of volunteer assistance Criticism: 1. a bunch of draft dodgers would join
2. called Kennedy’s Kiddie Corps
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Alliance for ProgressWhat: Economic and technical assistance to
help Latin American countries improve their living standards
Why: to prevent Fidel Castro and Communism from spreading to other Lat. Am countries
Result: US spent 12 BILLION in Lat. Am (during 1960s) but did not bring about any reforms
JFK and Jackie in Mexico
JFK in Uruguay
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USSR Sent 1st Man into Space• Yuri Gagarin, a Russian Cosmonaut - 1st human in space• 188 miles into the sky• Circled the earth in 108 minutes• April 12, 1961• (NOTE: Bay of Pigs incident took place April 17 - 5 days later!)
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JFK at special session of Congress: The US should commit itself “to achieving the goal,
before this decade is out, landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth.” His goal was reached: July 20, 1969 - Astronaut Neil Armstrong -1st man
to set foot on moon
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NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration
• What: A U.S. federal agency in charge of the space program
• A civilian-run program• After JFK’s speech, U.S. began constructing Cape Canaveral, Florida launching facilities and Mission Control in Houston
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Mission Control
• Why is Mission Control located in Houston, Texas, but Cape Canaveral (the launching site) is located in Florida?
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Lyndon Baines Johnson
• JFK’s vice-president• From Texas Hill Country• Very powerful in Congress for
years• JFK appointed him as Chairman
of National Space Council in 1961
• HE put Mission Control in Houston (his Texas oil buddies donated 1000 acres of land in Houston area)
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Alan Shepherd
• May 5, 1961 • Who: 1st American in space • Freedom 7 (name of spacecraft) • Project Mercury started in 1958 to see if man could just survive in space• 15 minute sub-orbital flight• SHORT • DID NOT ORBIT.
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John Glenn • Feb 20, 1962• Who: 1st American to orbit the earth• Orbited 3 times• Lasted about 5 hours• There was fear that his heat shield
would fail and that his craft would burn up on reentry
• Became a senator from Ohio (for 4 terms – 24 years)
• Born 1921• Went back into space 1998 – as an old
man (age 76) to conduct tests on aging, etc.
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Telstar - Communications satellite that relayed live TV pictures across the Atlantic from Maine to Europe - Launched July 1962
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JFK in 1963 Different from 1961 and 1962:• Called for a “national assault on
the causes of poverty”• Ordered his attorney general
Robert Kennedy to investigate racial issues in the South
• Presented a sweeping Civil Rights bill to Congress - gave a national TV address in June 1963 about civil rights
• Had an almost 60% approval rating
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Kennedy Assassination Nov. 22, 1963
• Dallas, Texas• Shot in the head while seated next to
his wife in an open-top limo.• Texas Gov. John Connally, also in the
same limo, seriously wounded - in same car- but lived
• Lee Harvey Oswald, assassin (former U.S. Marine sharpshooter who defected to USSR for a while) – HE was shot two days later while being moved to a “safer” jail by Jack Ruby
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V.P. Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on Air Force One before it left Dallas.
• The assassination had a bizarre chain of events and unanswered questions.
• LBJ ordered Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren to investigate• Warren Commission 10 month investigation into JFK assassination• 26 volumes of testimony• Conclusion: Oswald acted alone