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Chapter 24 B Labor Unions and Strikes
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Positive and Negative Effects of Unionism
Positive:(1) Standard of living is higher(2) Jobs are availableNegative:(3) Rise in immigration (cheap wages)(4) Job competition (nativism rises)*Union: a group of workers that fight for a common cause*Collective Bargaining:(1)(2)
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Employers “controlling” Unions / Factors that LIMIT the success of Labor Unions
• Yellow Dog Contracts / Ironclad Oaths– swearing an oath they will NOT join a Union• Blacklist – if you are part of or leader of a union against the productivity
of a business, you are placed on this list / difficult for you to get a job• Lockout: owner tells the employees not to bother showing up until they
agree to a pay cut• Scabs: Strikebreakers (hired to continue economy of business while strikers are not working)• Company Towns (used by:
– *SCRIP* = town money used at town store– Given “EASY CREDIT”…thus keeping workers in debt and can’t get out!
• Interstate Commerce: a company claims strikers are affecting interstate commerce and the federal government comes running!
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Early Labor Unions (Post Civil War)
National Labor Union (NLU) 1866 – • refused African Americans as members• Skilled and unskilled (Trade unionism)• Leader: William SylvisTactics: • Lobbied Congress, not the Employers• Used *Arbitration (settled by a mediator / not injunction
(federal government)
• MAIN LEGACY: 8 hours a day (Originally pushed by Populist…later adopted by Democrats)
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Knights of Labor• Began in secrecy, and then publically emerged in 1882• Beliefs:(1) EQUALITY = Equal pay for equal work(2) ACCEPTED EVERYONE…(women and African Americans) / “skilled AND unskilled”Leader: Terrence Powderly(3) DID NOT USE STRIKES – refusal to work, as a LAST resort (favored non-violence)(4) Practiced Arbitration “Injury to one is the concern of all”
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Haymarket Square Riot• Chicago, 1886• Anarchists call for change!• Before: American public supported the Labor Movement• After: American public “turned” on the Labor Movement due to: VIOLENCE!• Outcome: • (1) KOL were blamed for the intermingled anarchists’ regime against the federal government• (2) Governor John P. Atgeld “pardoned” the sentenced anarchists (unpopular and cost him reelection)
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The AF of L (American Federation of Labor)
• Leader: Samuel Gompers (1886)• Main agenda: USE STRIKES ALL THE TIME• Membership: Housed ONLY skilled workers. – Justification: unskilled laborers would weaken the
UnionLabor Day (1894) granted, ironically, workers a day off of work
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American Railway Union (ARU) / Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
• Leader - EUGENE V. DEBS (SOCIALIST) • *STRIKES WERE USED!“The Strike is the weapon of the oppressed” Eugene V. Debs
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Socialism and I.W.W
Socialism – an economic system in which the government controls business and property / less extreme version of communism• Individuals do not work for themselves, but live in corporation of one anotherPurpose: Overthrow Capitalism• Pro: total equality regardless of physical differences• Con: hard workers get no support “EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH”
• INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD (IWW)****************Example of Socialist Union*********************Formed in 1905 and used through WWI• Mostly Unskilled workers • Leader: Eugene V. Debs• Nickname: Wobblies• Used STRIKES….all the time! (USED VIOLENCE)
• * Socialist Unions – EUGENE V. DEBS!!!!!!!!
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Women Organize
Fighting for:• Better working conditions• Equality• End of child labor****MAIN LEADER: MARY HARRIS JONES (MOTHER)• To expose the cruelties of child labor – Mary Harris Jones led a march of 80 mill children to
the home of President Teddy Roosevelt….this crusade influenced the passage of Child Labor Laws
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Triangle Shirtwaste Factory Fire• March 25, 1911 (New York City)• Oil-drenched machines caught on fire! (conditions)• Company locked all of the doors *(Crime / force)• 146 women died (from fire or jumping) • MAJOR EFFECT/ Public Reaction: a task force was set up to study working conditions of many industries in New York* spurred the growth of improved factory conditions and safety standards
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