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Chapter 25
The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution
Timeline
Map 25.1: Europe in 1914
The Road to World War INationalism and Internal Dissent
Nationalism• Liberals claimed that creation of national states would bring peace• Led to competition instead of cooperation• Brinkmanship
Internal dissent• Ethnic tensions• Growing power of Socialist labor movements
MilitarismConscriptionInfluence of military leaders
The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914The effects of the Balkan Wars prior to 1914Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia, June 28, 1914Germany gives “full support” to AustriaRussian mobilizationSchlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan
The War 1914-195: Illusions & Stalemate
European attitudes toward the beginning of war
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
Russian FailuresBattle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914
Austrian FailuresGalicia and Serbia
Germans come to Austria’s aid
Battle Scene in Northern France
The War 1916-1917: The Great Slaughter
Trench warfare“No-man’s land”
“Softening up” the enemy
Battle of Verdun, 70,000 lost
Battle of the Somme, 1916• Heaviest one-day loss in World War I
Trench Warfare in France
Map 25. 2: The Western Front, 1914-1918
Map 25.3: The Eastern Front, 1914-1918
The Widening of the WarAugust 1914: Ottoman Empire enters the war
Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915
May 1915: Italy enters the war against Austria-HungarySeptember 1915: Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central PowersMiddle East
Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935)
April 1917: Entry of the United StatesThe United States tried to remain neutralSinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915Return to unrestricted submarine warfare January 1917United States enters the war, April 6, 1917Bolshevik Revolution, 1917
A New Kind of Warfare
Air Power1915: first use of airplanes on the battle-front
German use of zeppelins
Tanks1916: first use of tanks on the battlefield
Early tanks ineffective
1918: British Mark V first effective tank
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
Government CentralizationConscription Effects on EconomiesPublic Order and Public Opinion
Dealing with unrestDefense of the Realm ActPropaganda
Social Impact of Total WarLabor benefitsNew roles for women
• Male concern over wages• Women began to demand equal pay• Gains for women
The Russian RevolutionWar and Discontent
Nicholas II was an autocratic rulerRussia not prepared for warInfluence of Rasputin
The March RevolutionProblems in PetrogradMarch of the women, March 8, 1917Calls for a general strikeSoldiers join the marchersProvisional Government takes control
• Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)• Tried to carry on the war• Soviets sprang up
Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov, 1870-1924• Sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans• “Peace, land and bread”
Map 25.4: The Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution (cont)The Bolshevik Revolution
Bolsheviks control Petrograd and Moscow sovietsCollapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918
Civil WarBolshevik (Red) army and Anti-Bolshevik (White) armyMurder of the Tsar and his family (July 16, 1918)Disunity among the white armyCommunists and “War communism”Invasion of allied troops19121: Communists victory
The Last Year of the WarLast German offensive, March 21-July 18, 1918Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918General Ludendorff informs German leaders that the war is lostWilliam II abdicates, November 9, 1918Republic establishedArmistice, November 11, 1918The Casualties of the War
8 to 9 million soldiers killed, 22 million wounded
Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary
Revolution in GermanyDivision of German Socialists
Formation of two governments
Failure of radicals to achieve control
Revolution in AustriaEthnic upheaval
Formation of independent republics
The Peace SettlementPalace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nationsWoodrow Wilson, Fourteen PointsPragmatism of other statesLloyd George determined to make Germany payGeorges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s securityJanuary 25, 1919, the principle of the League of Nations adopted
The Treaty of Versailles
Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire)
The most important was the Treaty of Versailles, June 18, 1919
Article 231, War Guilt Clause
100,000 man army
Loss of Alsace and Lorraine
Sections of Prussia to the new Polish state
German charges of a “dictated peace”
The Other Peace Treaties
German and Russian Empires lost territory in eastern EuropeNew nation-states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and HungaryRomania acquired additional lands from Russia, Hungary, and BulgariaYugoslaviaCompromises will lead to future problemsMinorities in every eastern European statesOttoman Empire dismembered
Promises of independence of Arab states in the Middle EastMandates
• France – Lebanon and Syria• Britain – Iraq and Palestine
United States Senate rejects the Versailles Peace Treaty
Map 25.5: Europe in 1919
The Middle East in 1919
Discussion QuestionsWhy were so many Europeans eager for war in 1914? Did Europe’s governments share their enthusiasm? What was “total war”? How did European governments meet the challenge of total mobilization? Why were so many people in the United States reluctant to get involved in World War I? Why did Woodrow Wilson see U.S. involvement as a necessity?Describe the goals of the major participants at the peace talks. How were these goals incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles?
Web Links
World War I: Trenches on the Web
The First World War: A Multimedia History
World War I: Document Archive
The Russian Revolution
The Empire That Was Russia