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Chapter 25
Geography and Early History of the Middle East
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Do Now
• The Middle East is often referred to as the crossroads of the world. Looking at your map, why do you think this is?
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Crossroads of the World
• Crossroads of 3 contintents
• Middle Eastern Nations command vital sea routes– Suez Canal,
Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, Strait of Hormuz
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5 Regions of Middle East
• Northern Tier– Anatolian Plateau
• Fertile soil and large population
• Ottoman Empire– Iranian Plateau
• Dry and small population• Persian Empire
• Arabian Peninsula– Vast Plateau 1/3 size of US– Dry and small population – Fertile on mountainous
southern coast
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• Fertile Crescent– Mesopotamia: the
land between 2 rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) read Clash over the Euphrates pg 554
– Few natural barriers and open to invaders
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• Nile Valley– Deserts to the east and
west protected it from invaders
– Sinai Peninsula connects Middle East
• Maghreb– ‘western isle’– Scarcity of water mean
most live along Med. coast
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Climate
• Most of region is desert and people cluster in well-watered areas
• Settlements are scattered
• Water and rainfall is scarce– Shaduf, drip irrigation,
and deslination plants (pg 613)
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Oil
• Unevenly Distributed means great economic differences between oil rich countries and those that lack
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Ethnic Diversity
• Arabs– Majority and is anyone
whose native language is Arabic
– Most are Muslims• Turks • Iranians• Kurds• Islam is the majority religion• Christianity has it sects• Judaism is the most ancient
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Map Study
• Look over your map and prepare for map review…
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Ticket Out
• How has location contributed to cultural diversity in the Middle East?
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Section 2: Early Civilizations
• Sumerians– Located in Tigris-
Euphrates delta– Lived on grains,
dates, and fish– 3500 BC formation of
city-states• Own ruler and gods• Rivals fought each
other
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Religion
• Priests were most important– Collected taxes and
performed ceremonial offerings to gods
• Ziggurat– Tiered temple– Closer to the gods
• Scribes– Pictographs evolved into
cuneiform (wedged shaped symbols)
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Achievements of Sumerians
• Wheel• Sail• Plow• Accurate calendar• Arithmetic and
geometry• Measurement on the
#60– 60 second minute/hour/
360` circle
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Warfare and Trade
• Nomads from highlands attracted to fertile land
• Thousands of years of warfare and trade created rich blend of culture
• 1700 BC Babylonians and King Hammurabi– Law code
• 1500 BC Hittites from Anatolian Plateau invaded– Mastery of iron
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• Phoenicians– Lebanon– Commerce and trade– “carriers of
civilization”– Alphabet was simple
and easy to learn
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Persian Empire
• 500 BC ruled from Turkey to India
• Darius I– Divided empire into 20
provinces and Satrap (eyes and ears) served as governor
– Allowed for diversity– Built roads and promoted
trade– Answer Map Study on page
560– 5 W’s Up Close 560
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Greek Influence
• Alexander the Great of Northern Greece conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt
• Legacy is known as the Hellenistic Civilization (blending of Greek and ancient Middle East)
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Roman Conquest
• Based in Italy and by 115 AD extned to throughout the Middle East
• Trade Flourished from Persian Gulf to Atlantic Ocean
• Byzantine Empire– 330 AD Roman Empire
split
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Section 3Do Now:
• With a partner, complete as much of the religious organizer as you can without using the book.
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Kingdom of Israel
• Hebrews migrate into the Fertile Crescent between Mesopotamia and Egypt
• 1025 Form Kingdom of Israel
• Under constant threat from invaders
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2 Great Kings
• King David– Skilled General– Unified all of Israel
• King Solomon– Known for his Wisdom– Built Israel into a
beautiful capital• Taxed heavily• 930 BC death and
revolts weakened Kingdom and forced to exile
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Foreign Rule and the Persians
• Persians control Fertile Crescent in 500 BC and allow Hebrews to return
• Greeks and Romans also ruled for period of time• Romans force Jewish people to leave in 70 AD
– diaspora
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Teachings of Judaism
• Yahweh is the creator• Torah is sacred book• Prophets are religious
teachers reminding the people to live moral lives
• Covenant with God (Chosen People)
• 10 Commandments
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Rise of Christianity
• Jewish prophets predicted a messiah would restore order
• Some believed Jesus was the messiah
• Roman Officials crucified Jesus
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Spread of Christianity
• New Testament is the collections of his teachings
• Followers known as Christos (annointed)
• Appealing because everyone could achieve salvation