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CHAPTER 26
Animal Evolution – The Vertebrates
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Impacts, Issues: Interpreting and
Misinterpreting the Past
No one was around to witness the transitions in the
history of life
Fossils allow us glimpses into the past, giving us
opportunities to improve our understanding of the
story of life on earth and own origins
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Something Old,
Something New
Every animal is a combination of traits
Some traits are conserved from remote ancestors
Other traits are unique to its branch of the family
tree
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Fig. 26-2, p.434
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Chordate Features
Deuterostomes
All share four features:
Notochord supports body
Nervous system develops from dorsal nerve cord
Embryos have pharynx with slits
Embryos have tail that extends past anus
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Chordate Groups
Urochordata
Salps and tunicates
Cephalochordata
Lancelets
Craniates
Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
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Tunicates (Urochordates)
Larva is free-swimming
Adult is sessile and baglike with no coelom
Both stages are filter feeders
Pharynx serves in both feeding and respiration
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Fig. 26-3a, p.434
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Tunicate Life
History
Larva undergoes
metamorphosis to
adult form
nerve cord notochord
gut Tunicate larva
oral opening
atrial opening
pharynx with gill slits
Tunicate adult
pharynx
Fig. 26-3, p.434
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Lancelets (Cephalochordates)
Fish-shaped filter feeders
Simple brain
Segmented muscles
Chordate characteristics of adult:
Notochord lies under dorsal nerve cord
Pharynx has gill slits
Tail extends past anus
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Lancelet Body Plan
Fig. 26-4, p.435
DORSAL, TUBULAR
NERVE CORD
NOTOCHORD
PHARYNX WITH
GILL SLITS TAIL EXTENDING
PAST ANUS
eyespot
tentacle-like
structures
around mouth
epidermis segmented
muscles
(myomeres)
midgut
aorta
gonad
hindgut
pore of atrial
cavity
anus
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Fig. 26-5b, p.435
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Fig. 26-6c, p.436
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Trends in the Evolution
of Vertebrates
Shift from notochord to vertebral column
Nerve cord expanded into brain
Evolution of jaws
Paired fins evolved, gave rise to limbs
Gills evolved, gave rise to lungs
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Evolution of Jaws
First fishes lacked jaws
Jaws are modifications
of anterior gill
supports
supporting structures
gill slit
jaw
spiracle jaw support
jaw
Early jawless fish (agnathan)
Early jawed fish
(placoderm)
Modern jawed fish (shark)
Fig. 26-7, p.436
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Jawed Fishes
Most diverse and numerous group of vertebrates
Two classes:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
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Cartilaginous Fishes:
Class Chondrichthyes
Most are marine predators
Cartilaginous skeleton
Main groups:
Skates and rays
Sharks
Chimaeras (ratfishes)
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Fig. 26-9a, p.438
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Fig. 26-9b, p.438
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Bony Fishes:
Class Osteichthyes
Includes 96 percent of living
fish species
Three subclasses:
Ray-finned fishes
Lobe-finned fishes
Lung fishes
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Fig. 26-9d, p.438
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Fig. 26-9e, p.438
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olfactory bulb
Body Plan of a Bony Fish
muscle segments
fin supports
brain
heart
liver
gallbladder
stomach
intestine swim bladder
kidney
anus
urinary bladder
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Lungfishes
Have gills and one lung or a pair
Must surface to gulp air
Fig. 26-10b, p.439
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Modern Amphibians
All require water at some stage in the life cycle;
most lay eggs in water
Lungs are less efficient than those of other
vertebrates
Skin serves as respiratory organ
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From Fins to Limbs
Genetic enhancer controls genes
involved in formation of digits on
limb bones
Change in a single master gene
can drastically alter morphology
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Living Amphibian Groups
Frogs and toads
Salamanders
Caecilians
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Fig. 26-11a2, p.440
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Fig. 26-11c, p.440
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Amphibians on the Decline
Of about 5,500 known species of amphibians, 200
have plummeting populations - attributed to habitat
deterioration
Amphibians are losing standing water pools (where
they deposit their eggs) to development and
farming
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Amphibians on the Decline
Threats to Amphibians:
introduction of new species
long-term climate changes
increases in ultraviolet radiation
spread of fungal and parasitic disease
chemical contamination of aquatic habitats
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Rise of Amniotes
Arose during Carboniferous
Adaptations to life on land
Tough, scaly skin
Internal fertilization
Amniote eggs
Water-conserving kidneys
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Amniote Egg
yolk sac embryo
chorion
amnion
albumin
hardened shell
allantois
Fig. 26-20, p.446
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Living Reptiles
Not a monophyletic group
Crocodilians
Turtles
Tuataras
Snakes and lizards
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So Long, Dinosaurs
Mass extinction between the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
K-T asteroid impact theory
Global broiling hypothesis
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Fig. 26-17a, p.445
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Fig. 26-17c, p.445
Lizards
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Fig. 26-17f1, p.445
Snakes
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Fig. 26-17g, p.445
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Birds
Diverged from small theropod dinosaurs during the
Mesozoic
Feathers are a unique trait
Derived from reptilian scales
Serve in insulation and flight
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Adapted for Flight
Four-chambered heart
Highly efficient
respiratory system
Lightweight bones with air
spaces
Powerful muscles attach to
the keel
Fig. 26-22, p.447
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Mammals: Phylum Mammalia
Hair
Mammary glands
Distinctive teeth
Highly developed
brain
Extended care for
the young
Fig. 26-23, p.448
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Three Mammalian Lineages
Monotremes
Egg-laying mammals
Marsupials
Pouched mammals
Eutherians
Placental mammals
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Role of Geologic Change
Monotremes and marsupials evolved while Pangea
was intact
Placental mammals evolved after what would
become Australia had split off
No placental mammals in Australia
Elsewhere, placental mammals replaced most
marsupials
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Living Monotremes
Three species
Duck-billed platypus
Two kinds of spiny anteater
All lay eggs
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Fig. 26-26g, p.449
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Living Marsupials
Most of the 260 species are native to Australia
and nearby islands
Only the opossums are found in North America
Young are born in an undeveloped state and
complete development in a permanent pouch on
mother
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Living Placental Mammals
Most diverse mammalian group
Young develop in mother’s uterus
Placenta composed of maternal and fetal tissues;
nourishes fetus, delivers oxygen, and removes wastes
Placental mammals develop more quickly than
marsupials
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Fig. 26-28d, p.451
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Fig. 26-28e, p.451
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Fig. 26-28i, p.451
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Fig. 26-30d, p.453
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Homo sapiens
Modern man evolved by 100,000 years ago
Compared to Homo erectus:
Smaller teeth and jaws
Chin
Smaller facial bones
Larger-volume brain case
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1.8 meters (6 feet)
Neanderthal Homo erectus Modern Masai
Fig. 26-40, p.458
Modern Inuit
thighbone
(femur)
shinbone
(tibia)