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Chapter 26: Sponges and Cnidarians
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26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
What makes animals different from the previous organisms we have covered so far this
year?
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The Animal Kingdom• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophs
• Cells lack cell walls
• 95% are invertebrates
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What Animals Do to Survive
• Feeding
• Respiration
• Circulation
• Excretion
• Response
• Movement
• Reproduction
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1. Feeding
• Modes of ingestion of nutrients
Carnivores
Herbivores
Detrivores
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2. Respiration
• Taking in oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide
Lungs Gills Skin
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3. Circulation
• Movement of materials in the body
Heart Pump Diffusion
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4. Excretion
• Removal of nitrogen waste out of body to maintain homeostasis
Diffusion Kidney
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5. Response
• Responding to outside stimuli using nerve cells
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6. Movement
• Attached to a single spot or motile
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7. Reproduction
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Trends in Animal Evolution
Though there are differences in whether an animal has a backbone or not, there are some common trends:
1. Cell Specialization
2. Body Symmetry
3. Cephalization
4. Body Cavity Formation
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1. Cell Specialization• Animal cells have evolved to carry out
specific functions:
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1. Cell Specialization
• Reasons why cell specialization is important:
• Allows for animals to perform many different functions
• Causes a greater efficiency in survival
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Early Embryonic Development
• Animals that reproduce sexually begin life after fertilization as a zygote (fertilized egg)
• Zygote undergoes a series of divisions
• Blastula forms (simple ball of cells)
• Blastula fold in on itself forming blastopore
• Blastopore leads into a central tube
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Early Embryonic Development
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26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
Protostome Animals mouth forms from
blastopore (most invertebrates)
Deuterostome Animals anus forms from
blastopore (echinoderms and
vertebrates
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Early Embryonic Development
26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
• Endoderm inner
• Mesoderm middle
• Ectoderm outer
Cells differentiate into 3 germ layers
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Early Embryonic Development
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2. Body Symmetry
• Ability to divide a body into 2 equal halves
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2. Body Symmetry
• Planes of symmetry: Dorsovental Axis (Sagittal
Plane)• Cuts the body into right and left sides
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2. Body Symmetry
• Planes of symmetry: Transverse Axis
•Produces a “cross-section” of the body
• Divides the body into “Anterior” and “Posterior” regions
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2. Body Symmetry
• Regions of the body:
Anterior: Front
Posterior: Rear End
Ventral: Lower
Dorsal: Upper
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Trends of Evolution
There are two more characteristics that most animals share in addition to “Cell Specialization” and “Body Symmetry”
3. Cephalization
4. Body Cavity Formation
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3. Cephalization
Refers to the characteristic that more sense organs and nerve cells are located at the anterior part of the body than anywhere else
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3. Cephalization
Allows animals to respond quicker and in more complex ways to stimuli
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Body cavity is a fluid-filled space that contains the organs
4. Body Cavity Formation
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4. Body Cavity Formation
This allows space for internal organs to keep their shape and to grow properly
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Evolutionary Relationships26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
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26-2 SPONGES
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Sponges• Phylum Porifera
• Have tiny openings, or pores, all over their bodies
• Sessile: they live their entire life attached to a single spot
• They are animals. Why…?
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Sponges are Animals
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• No cell walls
• Contain a few specialized cells
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Click Picture To Watch a 3 Minute Sponge From and Function Video
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Form and Function in Sponges
• Have nothing resembling a mouth or gut
• Have no tissues or organ systems
• Simple functions are carried out by a few specialized cells
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Asymmetrical
• Have no front or back ends, no left and right sides
• A large, cylindrical water pump
• The body forms a wall around a large central cavity through which water flows continually
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Specialized Cells
• Choanocytes – Specialized cells that use flagella to
move a steady current of water through the sponge
• Osculum – Water leaves through the large
hole at the top of the sponge
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Choanocytes
• Specialized cells that use flagella to move a steady current of water through the sponge
• Filters several thousand liters/day
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Osculum
• A large hole at the top of the sponge, through which water exits
• The movement of water provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation and excretion
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Specialized Cells• spicule
– is a spike-shaped structure made of chalklike calcium carbonate or glasslike silica
• archaeocytes – are specialized cells that move around within
the walls of the sponge and make spicules.
• spongin – network of flexible protein fibers that make
up the internal skeleton of a sponge.
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Simple Skeleton
• Spicule: a spike-shaped structure made of chalk-like calcium carbonate or glasslike silica in hard sponges
• Archaeocytes: specialized cells that make spicules
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Sponge Feeding
• Filter feeders
• Sift microscopic food from the water
• Particles are engulfed by choanocytes that line the body cavity
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Respiration, Circulation, & Excretion
• Rely on the movement of water through their bodies to carry out body functions
• As water moves through the cavity:
• Oxygen dissolved in the water diffuses into the surrounding cells
• Carbon dioxide and other wastes, diffuse into the water and are carried away
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Response
• No nervous system
• Many sponges protect themselves by producing toxins that make them unpalatable or poisonous to potential predators
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Reproduction
• Sexually or asexually
• A single spore forms both eggs and sperm; usually at different times
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Sexual Reproduction
• Internal fertilization: Eggs are fertilized inside the sponge’s body
• Sperm are released from one sponge and carried by currents to the pores of another sponge
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Asexual Reproduction
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• Budding
• Gemmules: groups of archaeocytes surrounded by spicules
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Ecology of Sponges
• Ideal habitats for marine animals such as snails, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and shrimp
• Mutually beneficial relationships with bacteria, algae and plant-like protists
– Many are green due to these organisms living in their tissues
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Ecology of Sponges
• Attached to the seafloor and may receive little sunlight
• Some have spicules that look like cross-shaped antennae
• Like a lens or magnifying glass, they focus and direct incoming sunlight
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26-3 CNIDARIANS
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Cnidarians• Phylum Cnidaria
• Hydras, jellies, sea anemones, and corals
• Soft-bodied
• Carnivorous
• Stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouths
• Simplest animals to have body symmetry and specialized cells
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Cnidocytes
• Stinging cells that are located on their tentacles
• Used for defense and to capture prey
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Nematocyst
• A poison-filled, stinging structure that contains a tightly coiled dart
• Found within cnidocytes
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26-3 Cnidarians Click Picture To Watch a 2 Minute Feeding Anemone Video
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26-3 Cnidarians Click Picture To Watch a 3 Minute Stinging Jellyfish Video
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Form and Function in Cnidarians
• Only a few cells thick
• Simple body systems
• Most of their responses to the environment are carried out by specialized cells and tissues
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Radially Symmetrical
• Central mouth surrounded by numerous tentacles that extend outward from the body
• Life cycles includes a polyp and a medusa stage
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Body Plan
• Polyp: cylindrical body with arm-like tentacles; mouth points upward
• Medusa: motile, bell-shaped body; mouth on the bottom
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Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastroderm
Mesoglea
Gastrovascular cavity
Mouth/anus
Tentacles
Tentacles
Mouth/anus
Gastrovascularcavity
Polyp
Medusa
Phylum Cnidarian26-3 Cnidarians
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Feeding
• Polyps and medusas have a body wall that surrounds an internal space: the gastrovascular cavity
• Gastrovascular cavity: a digestive chamber with one opening
– Food enters and wastes leave the body
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Respiration, Circulation, & Excretion
• Following digestion, nutrients are usually transported throughout the body by diffusion
• Respire and eliminate wastes by diffusion through body walls
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Response• Specialized sensory cells are used to gather
information from the environment
• Nerve net: loosely organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stimuli
– Distributed uniformly throughout the body in most species
– In some species it is concentrated around the mouth or in rings around the body
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Response
• Statocysts: groups of sensory cells that help determine the direction of gravity
• Ocelli: eyespots made of cells that detect light
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Movement
• Hydrostatic skeleton: a layer of circular muscles and a layer of longitudinal muscles that enable cnidarians to move
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Reproduction: Sexually and Asexually
• Polyps can reproduce asexually by budding
• External sexual reproduction
– The sexes are separate-each individual is either male or female
– Both egg and sperm are released into the water
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Groups of Cnidarians
• Jellies (formerly jellyfishes)
• Hydras and their relatives
• Sea anemones
• Corals
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• Class Scyphozoa: “cup animal”– Jellyfish
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Groups of Cnidarians
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• Spend most of their lives as medusa
• The polyp form is limited to a larva stage
Classes of Cnidarians Class Scyphozoa
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• The largest jellyfish ever found is 4 meters in diameter with tentacles more than 30 meters in length
• Most species are harmless, many can cause servere allergic reactions/even kill people
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Classes of Cnidarians Class Scyphozoa
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• Class Hydrozoa: Hydras; Portuguese Man of War
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Groups of Cnidarians
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• The polyps of most hydrozoans grow in branching colonies that sometimes extend more than a meter.
• Within a colony, the polyps are specialized to perform different functions.
• EX: One polyp forms a balloon-like float that keeps the entire colony afloat
• Portuguese Man of War
Classes of Cnidarians Class Hydrozoa
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• Most common in freshwater hydrozoan is a hydra
• Lack medusa stage (solitary polyp)• Reproduce sexually (producing eggs and
sperm in the body wall) and asexually (budding)
• a few species are hermaphroditic
Classes of Cnidarians Class Hydrozoa
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Click Picture To Watch a 2 Minute Hydra Budding Video
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• Class Anthozoa: “flower animal”– Sea Anemones and Corals
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Groups of Cnidarians
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• Grow only as polyps / no medusa stage
• Central body that is surrounded by tentacles
• Many species are colonial (composed of many individual polyps)
Classes of Cnidarians Class Anthozoa
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• Corals and sea anemones reproduce sexually by producing free swimming larvae
• The free swimming larvae attach to rocks and then form polyps
• Also can reproduce by budding
Classes of Cnidarians Class Anthozoa
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Classes of Cnidarians Class Anthozoa
• Forming Coral Reefs– Formed when hard coral from layers of
skeleton (CaCO3)
– Algae forms a sybiotic relationship with coral
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Ecology of Corals• The worldwide distribution is determined by:
– Temperature
– Water depth
– Light intensity
• Many suffer from human activity• Coral bleaching has become common • Global warming may add to the problem
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Click Picture To Watch a 5 Minute Coral Spawn Video