![Page 1: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 26: The Vertebrates
![Page 2: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fig. 26-2, p.434
![Page 3: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chordate Features
• Deuterostomes
• All share four features:
– Notochord supports body
– Nervous system develops from dorsal nerve
cord
– Embryos have pharynx with slits
– Embryos have tail that extends past anus
![Page 4: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tunicates (Urochordates) • Larva is free-swimming
• Adult is sessile and baglike with no coelom
• Both stages are filter feeders
• Pharynx serves in both feeding and respiration
![Page 5: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fig. 26-3a, p.434
![Page 6: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tunicate Life History
Larva undergoes metamorphosis to adult form
nerve cord notochord
gut Tunicate larva
oral opening
atrial opening
pharynx with gill slits
Tunicate adult
pharynx
Fig. 26-3, p.434
![Page 7: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Lancelets (Cephalochordates)
• Fish-shaped filter feeders
• Simple brain
• Segmented muscles
• Chordate characteristics of adult:
– Notochord lies under dorsal nerve cord
– Pharynx has gill slits
– Tail extends past anus
![Page 8: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Lancelet Body Plan
Fig. 26-4, p.435
DORSAL, TUBULAR
NERVE CORD
NOTOCHORD
PHARYNX WITH
GILL SLITS TAIL EXTENDING
PAST ANUS
eyespot
epidermis segmented
muscles
(myomeres)
midgut
aorta
gonad
hindgut
pore of atrial
cavity
anus
![Page 9: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fig. 26-5b, p.435
![Page 10: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Early Craniates
Reconstruction of one of the
earliest known craniates
• Brain inside
chamber of cartilage
or bone
• Arose before 530
million years ago
• Resemble lancelets,
lamprey larva
Fig. 26-6a, p.436
![Page 11: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fig. 26-5c, p.435
![Page 12: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fig. 26-6c, p.436
![Page 13: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Trends in the Evolution of Vertebrates
• Shift from notochord to vertebral column
• Nerve cord expanded into brain
• Evolution of jaws
• Paired fins evolved, gave rise to limbs
• Gills evolved, gave rise to lungs
![Page 14: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Evolution of Jaws
• First fishes lacked
jaws
• Jaws are
modifications of
anterior gill
supports
supporting structures
gill slit
jaw
spiracle jaw support
jaw
Early jawless
fish (agnathan)
Early jawed fish
(placoderm)
Modern jawed fish
(shark)
Fig. 26-7, p.436
![Page 15: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Jawed Fishes
• Most diverse and numerous group of vertebrates
• Two classes:
– Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
– Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
![Page 16: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cartilaginous Fishes: Class Chondrichthyes
• Most are marine predators
• Cartilaginous skeleton
• Main groups:
– Skates and rays
– Sharks
– Chimaeras (ratfishes)
![Page 17: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Fig. 26-9a, p.438
![Page 18: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fig. 26-9b, p.438
![Page 19: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fig. 26-9c, p.438
![Page 20: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Bony Fishes: Class Osteichthyes
• Includes 96 percent of
living fish species
• Three subclasses:
– Ray-finned fishes
– Lobe-finned fishes
– Lung fishes
![Page 21: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fig. 26-9e, p.438
![Page 22: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Body Plan of a Bony Fish
muscle segments
fin supports
brain
olfactory bulb
heart
liver
gallbladder
stomach
intestine swim bladder
kidney
anus
urinary bladder
![Page 23: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lungfishes
• Have gills and one lung or a pair
• Must surface to gulp air
Fig. 26-10b, p.439
![Page 24: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fig. 26-10a, p.439
![Page 25: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig. 26-10b, p.439
![Page 26: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
inside lobed fins, bony or cartilaginous
structures undergoing modification
Fig. 26-10d, p.439
![Page 27: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Early Amphibians
• Fishlike skull
and tail
• Four limbs with
digits
• Short neck
Acanthostega
Ichthyostega
Fig. 26-10c, p.439
![Page 28: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Modern Amphibians
• All require water at some stage in the life
cycle; most lay eggs in water
• Lungs are less efficient than those of other
vertebrates
• Skin serves as respiratory organ
![Page 29: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
From Fins to Limbs
• Genetic enhancer controls genes involved in formation of digits on limb bones
• Change in a single master gene can drastically alter morphology
![Page 30: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Living Amphibian Groups
• Frogs and toads
• Salamanders
• Caecilians
![Page 31: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fig. 26-11a2, p.440
![Page 32: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig. 26-11b, p.440
![Page 33: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fig. 26-11c, p.440
![Page 34: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Rise of Amniotes
• Adaptations to life on land
– Tough, scaly skin
– Internal fertilization
– Amniote eggs
– Water-conserving kidneys
![Page 35: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Living Reptiles
Crocodilians
Turtles
Tuataras
Snakes and lizards
![Page 36: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Evolutionary History of Amniotes
lizards
snakes
tuataras
birds
archosaurs
dinosaurs
pterosaurs
crocodilians
ichthyosaurs
plesiosaurs
turtles
synapsids
therapsids anapsids
(mammals)
stem reptiles
Paleozoic era Mesozoic era Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous
Fig. 26-14
p.442
![Page 37: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
So Long, Dinosaurs
• Mass extinction between the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
• K-T asteroid impact theory
• Global broiling hypothesis
![Page 38: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Crocodile Body Plan
Fig. 26.16, p. 454
snout
olfactory lobe
spinal cord
vertebral column
gonad
kidney
cloaca
intestine
stomach
liver
heart
esophagus
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
![Page 39: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fig. 26-17a, p.445
![Page 40: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Lizards and Snakes
• Largest order (95 percent of
living reptiles)
• Most lizards are insectivores
with small peglike teeth
• All snakes are carnivores with
highly movable jaws hollow fang
venom gland
Fig. 26-17, p.445
![Page 41: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fig. 26-17c, p.445
Lizards
![Page 42: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fig. 26-17d, p.445
Lizards
![Page 43: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Fig. 26-17f1, p.445
Snakes
![Page 44: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fig. 26-17e, p.445
![Page 45: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Amniote Egg
yolk sac embryo
chorion
amnion
albumin
hardened shell
allantois
Fig. 26-20, p.446
![Page 46: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Birds
• Diverged from small theropod dinosaurs
during the Mesozoic
• Feathers are a unique trait
– Derived from reptilian scales
– Serve in insulation and flight
![Page 47: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Confuciusornis sanctus
Fig. 26-18, p.446
![Page 48: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Fig. 26-19a, p.446
sheath
pulp
barbs
blood vessel
follicle wall
feather muscle
![Page 49: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
barbules
barb
Fig. 26-19b, p.446
![Page 50: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Fig. 26-21a, p.447
Bird Flight
![Page 51: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Adapted for Flight
• Four-chambered heart
• Highly efficient
respiratory system
• Lightweight bones
with air spaces
• Powerful muscles
attach to the keel
Fig. 26-22, p.447
![Page 52: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Mammals: Phylum Mammalia
• Hair
• Mammary glands
• Distinctive teeth
• Highly developed
brain
• Extended care for
the young
Fig. 26-23, p.448
![Page 53: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Mammal Origins & Radiation
• During Triassic, synapsids gave rise to therapsids
(ancestors of mammals)
• By Jurassic, mouselike therians had evolved
• Therians coexisted with dinosaurs through
Cretaceous
• Radiated after dinosaur extinction
![Page 54: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Fig. 26-24, p.448
![Page 55: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Fig. 26-25a, p.448
![Page 56: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Fig. 26-25b, p.448
![Page 57: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Three Mammalian Lineages
• Monotremes
– Egg-laying mammals
• Marsupials
– Pouched mammals
• Eutherians
– Placental mammals
![Page 58: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Fig. 26-26a-d, p.449
![Page 59: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Living Monotremes
• Three species
– Duck-billed platypus
– Two kinds of spiny anteater
• All lay eggs
![Page 60: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Fig. 26-26e, p.449
![Page 61: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Fig. 26-26f, p.449
![Page 62: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Living Marsupials
• Most of the 260 species are native to
Australia and nearby islands
• Only the opossums are found in North
America
• Young are born in an undeveloped state
and complete development in a
permanent pouch on mother
![Page 63: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Living Placental Mammals
• Most diverse mammalian group
• Young develop in mother’s uterus
• Placenta composed of maternal and fetal tissues;
nourishes fetus, delivers oxygen, and removes
wastes
• Placental mammals develop more quickly than
marsupials
![Page 64: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
placenta
uterus
embryo
Fig. 26-28a, p.451
![Page 66: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Fig. 26-28b,c, p.451
![Page 67: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fig. 26-28d, p.451
![Page 68: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Fig. 26-28e, p.451
![Page 69: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Fig. 26-28f, p.451
![Page 70: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Fig. 26-28g, p.451
![Page 71: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Fig. 26-28h, p.451
![Page 72: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Fig. 26-28i, p.451
![Page 73: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Earliest Primates
• Primates evolved more than 60 million years
ago during the Paleocene
• First primates resembled tree shrews
– Long snouts
– Poor daytime vision
![Page 74: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Hominoids
• Apes, humans, and extinct species of their
lineages
• In biochemistry and body form, humans are
closer to apes than to monkeys
• Hominids
– Subgroup that includes humans and extinct
humanlike species
![Page 75: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Trends in Lineage Leading to Humans
• Less reliance on smell, more on vision
• Skeletal changes to allow bipedalism
• Modifications of hand allow fine movements
• Bow-shaped jaw and smaller teeth
• Longer lifespan and period of dependency
![Page 76: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Adaptations to an Arboreal Lifestyle
• Better daytime vision
• Shorter snout
• Larger brain
• Forward-directed eyes
• Capacity for grasping motions
![Page 77: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Fig. 26-29, p.452
a Hole at back
of skull; the
backbone is
habitually
parallel with
ground or a
plant stem
b Hole close
to center of
base of skull;
the backbone
is habitually
perpendicular
to ground
![Page 78: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Fig. 26-30a, p.453
![Page 79: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Fig. 26-30b, p.453
![Page 80: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Fig. 26-30c, p.453
![Page 81: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Fig. 26-30d, p.453
![Page 82: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Fig. 26-30e, p.453
![Page 83: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Fig. 26-30f, p.453
![Page 84: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The First Hominoids
• Appeared during Miocene
• Arose in Central Africa
• Spread through Africa, Asia, Europe
• Climate was changing, becoming cooler and
drier
![Page 85: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Fig. 26-31b-d, p.454
![Page 86: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The First Hominids
• Sahelanthropus tchadensis arose 6-7 million years
ago
• Bipedal australopiths evolved during Miocene into
Pliocene
• Exact relationships are not known
A. anamensis
A. afarensis
A. africanus
A. garhi
A. boisei
A. robustus
![Page 87: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Sahelanthropus
Tchadensis
7-6 million years
Fig. 26-33a, p.455
![Page 88: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Australopithecus
Afarensis
3.6–2.9 million years
Fig. 26-33b, p.455
![Page 89: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
A. africanus
3.2–2.3 million years
Fig. 26-33c, p.455
![Page 90: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Garhi
2.5 million years
(first tool user?)
Fig. 26-33d, p.455
![Page 91: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Paranthropus boisei
2.3–1.4 million years
(huge molars)
Fig. 26-33e, p.455
![Page 92: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
P. Robustus
1.9–1.5 million years
Fig. 26-33f, p.455
![Page 93: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Fig. 26-34a-c, p.455
![Page 94: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Homo Habilis 1.9-1.6 million years ago
• May have been the
first member of genus
• Lived in woodlands of
eastern and southern
Africa
H. habilis
Fig. 26-33, p.455
![Page 95: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Fig. 26-36a, p.456
![Page 96: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Homo rudolfensis 2.4-1.8
million years
H. habilis 1.9-1.6
million years
Fig. 26-36b, p.456
![Page 97: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Fig. 26-35, p.456
![Page 98: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Fig. 26-37a, p.457
![Page 99: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Fig. 26-37b, p.457
![Page 100: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Fig. 26-37e, p.457
![Page 101: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Fig. 26-38, p.457
![Page 102: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Homo erectus 2 million-53,000? years ago
• Evolved in Africa
• Migrated into Europe and Asia
• Larger brain than H. habilis
• Creative toolmaker
• Built fires and used furs for clothing
![Page 103: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Homo sapiens
• Modern man evolved by 100,000 years ago
• Compared to Homo erectus:
– Smaller teeth and jaws
– Chin
– Smaller facial bones
– Larger-volume brain case
![Page 104: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Neanderthals
• Early humans that lived in Europe and Near
East
• Massively built, with large brains
• Disappeared when H. sapiens appeared
• DNA evidence suggests that they did not
contribute to modern European populations
![Page 105: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
H. erectus 2 million-53,000? years
H. neanderthalensis 200,000-30,0000 years
Fig. 26-39, p.458
![Page 106: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
1.8 meters (6 feet)
Neanderthal Homo erectus Modern Masai
Fig. 26-40, p.458
Modern Inuit
thighbone
(femur)
shinbone
(tibia)
![Page 107: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Earliest Fossils Are African
• Africa appears to be the cradle of human
evolution
• No human fossils older than 2 million years
exist anywhere but Africa
• Homo erectus left Africa in waves from 2
million to 500,000 years ago
![Page 108: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
H. sapiens
Fossil from Ethiopia,
160,000 years old
Fig. 26-41a, p.459
![Page 109: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
40,000 years ago
160,000
years ago
60,000
years ago
15,000-30,000
years ago
35,000-60,000
years ago
Fig. 26-41b, p.459
![Page 110: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Genetic Distance Data
NEW GUINEA, AUSTRALIA
PACIFIC ISLANDS
SOUTHEAST ASIA
ARCTIC, NORTHEAST ASIA
NORTH, SOUTH AMERICA
NORTHEAST ASIA
EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST
AFRICA
0.2 0.1 0
Genetic distance (percent) Fig. 26-42, p.459
![Page 111: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Fig. 26-43a, p.459
![Page 112: Chapter 26: The Vertebrates - Goodhue€¦ · lizards snakes tuataras birds archosaurs dinosaurs pterosaurs crocodilians ichthyosaurs plesiosaurs turtles synapsids therapsids anapsids](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022053007/5f0ab23f7e708231d42ce3c1/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Fig. 26-43b, p.459