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Chapter 29
Light Waves
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In this chapter we will studyHuygens’ Principle
Diffraction
Interference
Polarization
Holography
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1. HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE
Every point on a wave front can be regarded as a new source of wavelets, which combine to produce the next wave front, whose points are sources of further wavelets, and so on.
Huygen’s Principle can be used to explain the propagation of wave fronts involved in reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
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Consider several points on the wave front
to be sources of secondary wavelets.
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2. DIFFRACTION
The bending of light that passes around an obstacle or through a narrow slit, causing the light to spread and to produce light and dark fringes.
Demo - Laser, diffraction accessories, wire mesh screen, and rainbow disks
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Water waves on the surface of water
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If the wavelength of water waves are small compared to the
size of an ocean vessel, the vessel will cast a “shadow.”
For the same waves a post will not cast a “shadow.”
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Long wavelengths bend a great deal around small objects.
Because of diffraction AM radio waves travel farther than FM radio waves.
Microscopy diffraction limit -
One cannot see details of objects that are approximately the same size as or smaller than the wavelength of the illuminating light.
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3. INTERFERENCE
Slide - Interference Transparencies
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3. INTERFERENCE
Slide - Interference Transparencies
Demo - Finger slit interferenceDemo - Finger slit interference
Demo - Single-color thin film interferenceDemo - Single-color thin film interference
Demo - Optical flats and sodium lampDemo - Optical flats and sodium lamp
Demo - Newton's rings and phase reversalDemo - Newton's rings and phase reversal
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Interference Colors by Reflection from Thin Films
Iridescence - the phenomenon of seeing colors
by interference in thin films.
Demo - Soap bubbles and pipeDemo - Soap bubbles and pipe
Demo - Peacock feathersDemo - Peacock feathers
Demo – Thin film platesDemo – Thin film plates
Example - Coated photographic lenses
Interferometers measure small distances.
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Thin Film t
Air
Air
Phase Reversal
upon reflection
Path Difference = 2t = n for destructive interference
Thus t = n(/2)
n = 1,2,3,4,…… You see the complement of whichever color is destructively interfered with.
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4. POLARIZATION
Light waves are transverse. This is verified by polarization.
Most light you see is unpolarized meaning that it is composed of waves with vibrational planes in all directions.
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Common sources of light are not polarized. Polaroid Crystals - one axis direction
absorbs, one transmits. Polarized glare occurs on reflection from
nonmetallic surfaces.
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COLORS BY TRANSMISSION THROUGH POLARIZING MATERIALS
Video - Crossed Polaroids and Crystal Video - Crossed Polaroids and Crystal Video - Polarizers and StressVideo - Polarizers and Stress Demo - Polaroids and accessoriesDemo - Polaroids and accessories
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Polaroid sunglasses worn in a normal viewing
position will eliminate polarized glare.
(a) vertically
(b) horizontally
(c) all
(b) horizontally
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Two polaroids that have their polarization axes at 45o to each other will still allow light to pass through.
(a) True
(b) False
(a) True
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Three-Dimensional Viewing
Stereoscopic viewersSlide - Stereogram
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5. HOLOGRAPHY
Hologram means whole message.
Demo - Reflection hologramDemo - Reflection hologram
Demo - Transmission hologramDemo - Transmission hologram
No lenses are used for imaging in the
creation or the viewing of a hologram.
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Object and source both illuminate all of the
photographic plate.
The light used to make the hologram
must be coherent.
A hologram is an interference pattern.
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It is best to use coherent light when viewing a
hologram.
A hologram can be divided.
One gets a magnified holographic image by
viewing a hologram with a longer of light
than was used in creating the hologram.