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You Must Know
• The cellular functions of lipids.
• How the sequence and subcomponents of lipids determine their properties.
• The basic structure of a nucleic acid.
• How changes in organic molecules would affect their function.
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Concept 3.4: Lipids are a diverse group of molecules
• What do these molecules have in common?
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Fats
OH
OH
OH
Glycerol
Hydroxyl
HO
HO
HO
Fatty Acid
carboxyl
triglyceride
Ester linkage
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• Fatty acids vary in length (number of carbons) and in the number and locations of double bonds
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(a) Saturated fat
Structuralformula of asaturated fatmolecule
Space-fillingmodel ofstearic acid,a saturatedfatty acid
Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no carbon carbon double bonds.
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(b) Unsaturated fat
Structuralformula of anunsaturated fat molecule
Space-fillingmodel of oleic acid, an unsaturatedfatty acid Double bond
causes bending.
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more carbon carbon double bonds.
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• The major function of fats is energy storage• Fat is a compact way for animals to carry their
energy stores with them
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Figure 3.14ab
(a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Hyd
rop
hili
c h
ead
Hyd
rop
ho
bic
tai
ls
Phospholipids
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Figure 3.14cd
Hydrophilichead
(d) Phospholipid bilayer
(c) Phospholipid symbol
Hydrophobictails
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Steroids
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Concept 3.6: Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
• The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a gene
• Genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
• There are two types of nucleic acids– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)– Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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Figure 3.26aSugar-phosphate backbone(on blue background)
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
(b) Nucleotide
5 end
3 end
5C
5C
3C
3C
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
Nitrogenousbase
Nucleoside