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Chapter 3
Database Architectures
and the Web
Pearson Education © 2009
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Chapter 3 - Objectives
The meaning of the client–server architecture and the advantages of this type of architecture for a DBMS
The difference between two-tier, three-tier and n-tier client–server architectures
The function of an application server The meaning of middleware and the different types
of middleware that exist The function and uses of Transaction Processing
(TP) Monitors
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Chapter 3 - Objectives
The purpose of a Web service and the technological standards used
The meaning of service-oriented architecture (SOA)
The difference between distributed DBMSs, and distributed processing
The architecture of a data warehouse The software components of a DBMS About Oracle’s logical and physical structure
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Teleprocessing– Traditional architecture for multi-user systems– One computer with a single central processing
unit (CPU) and a number of terminals– Put a huge burden on the central computer
Downsizing– Replacing expensive mainframe computers with
more cost-effective networks of personal computers
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
File-server architecture– Processing is distributed about the network– Three main disadvantages
» Large amount of network traffic
» Full copy of DBMS required on each workstation
» Concurrency, recovery, and integrity control are complex Multiple DBMSs can access the same files
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Traditional two-tier client–server architecture– Client process requires some resource– Server provides the resource– Basic separation of four main components of
business application– Typical interaction between client and server
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Summary of client–server functions
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Three-tier client–server architecture– User interface layer– Business logic and data processing layer– DBMS– Many advantages over traditional two-tier or
single-tier designs
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
N-tier architectures– Three-tier architecture can be expanded to n
tiers Application servers
– Hosts an application programming interface (API) to expose business logic and business processes for use by other applications
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Middleware– Software that mediates with other software – Communication among disparate applications– Six main types
» Asynchronous Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
» Synchronous RPC
» Publish/Subscribe
» Message-Oriented middleware (MOM)
» Object-request broker (ORB)
» SQL-oriented data access
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Transaction processing monitor– Controls data transfer between clients/servers– Provides a consistent environment, particularly
for online transaction processing (OLTP)– Significant advantages
» Transaction routing» Managing distributed transactions» Load balancing» Funneling» Increased reliability
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Multi-user DBMS Architectures
Transaction processing monitor
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Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures
Web service– Software system that supports interoperable
machine-to-machine interaction over a network– No user interface– Examples of Web services– Uses widely accepted technologies and
standards
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Relationship between WSDL, UDDI, and SOAP
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Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures
Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA)– Architecture for building applications that
implement business processes as sets of services
– Published at a granularity relevant to the service consumer
– Loosely coupled and autonomous services– Web services designed for SOA different from
other Web services
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Traditional vs. SOA Architecture
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Distributed DBMSs
Distributed database– Logically interrelated collection of shared data
physically distributed over a computer network Distributed DBMS
– Software system that permits the management of the distributed database
– Makes the distribution transparent to users
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Distributed DBMSs
Characteristics of DDBMS– Collection of logically related shared data– Data split into fragments– Fragments may be replicated– Fragments/replicas are allocated to sites– Sites are linked by a communications network– Data at each site is controlled by DBMS– DMBS handles local apps autonomously– Each DBMS in one or more global app
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Distributed DBMSs
Distributed processing– Centralized database that can be accessed over
a computer network System consists of data that is physically
distributed across a number of sites in the network
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Data Warehousing
Data warehouse– Consolidated/integrated view of corporate data – Drawn from disparate operational data sources – Range of end-user access tools capable of
supporting simple to highly complex queries to support decision making
– Subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile
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Typical Architecture of a Data Warehouse
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Components of a DBMS
Major components of a DBMS:– Query processor– Database manager (DM)– File manager– DML preprocessor– DDL compiler– Catalog manager
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Components of a DBMS
Major software components for database manager– Authorization control– Command processor– Integrity checker– Query optimizer
– Transaction manager– Scheduler– Recovery manager– Buffer manager
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Oracle Architecture
Oracle’s logical database structure– Tablespaces– Schemas– Data blocks – Extents/segments
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Relationship between an Oracle Database,Tablespaces, and Datafiles
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Oracle Architecture
Oracle’s physical database structure– Datafiles– Redo log files– Control files
The Oracle instance – Oracle processes and shared memory required
to access information in the database