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Chapter 3
Introduction to Basic Electrical Circuit Materials
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Objectives
• Identify different conductor types.
• Determine the cross-sectional area of a conductor.
• List the factors affecting resistance.
• Identify various insulation materials.
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Objectives
• List three special conductor pathways.
• Explain the manufacture of printed circuit boards.
• Identify various switching devices.
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Objectives
• Identify various lighting devices.
• Identify different types of resistors.
• Determine the value of color-coded resistors.
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Conductors
• Copper
• Silver
• Aluminum (high-voltage lines)
• Brass (electrical-mechanical equipment)
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Conductors (Cont.)
• Transfer electrons from one atom to another within the conductor
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Computing Electrical Conductance
• G = 1/R • G: conductance in siemens
• R: resistance in ohms
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Lesson in Safety
• Your body can conduct electricity– Electric current can flow into one hand,
through your body, and out your other hand– Can be fatal
• Keep one hand in a pocket to avoid shock
• Stand on insulated materials when working with high voltage
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Conductor Sizes
• Gauged by cross-sectional area
• Determine amount of current the conductor can handle before overheating
• Circular mil system
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Circular Mils (cmils)
• 1 mil = 0.001 inches
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Conductor Insulation
• Insulators
• Insulation on conductors as protective coating
• Codings
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Insulation Codings
• Code letters– R rubber– H heat– HH high heat– A asbestos– T thermoplastic– M oil resistant– UF underground
feeder– C corrosion
resistant
• Color coding– Used to trace the
insulation through a building
– Can represent certain voltages, polarities, or grounding conductors
– Governed by building codes or manufacturing associations
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Types of Conductors
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Conductor Resistance
• Cross-sectional area of a conductor
• Type of material
• Length of conductor
• Temperature of material
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Cross-Sectional Area of a Conductor
• Larger diameter has a greater current and lower resistance
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Type of Material
• Affects conductance and resistance
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Length of Conductor
• The longer the conductor is, the more resistance it has
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Temperature of Material
• Metals increase in resistance as ambient temperature rises
• Metals exposed to low temperatures become superconductors
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Safety Organizations and Standards
• National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)
• National Electrical Code
• Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• Conductor voltage drop standard
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National Fire Protection Agency
• NFPA dedicated to fire protection
• Provides information on how fires are started
• Provides specific prevention methods
• Produces National Electrical Code
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National Electrical Code
• Regulations to ensure safety
• Standards apply to design of electrical systems
• Adopted by government agencies at city, county, state, and federal levels
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Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
• Independent organization that conducts tests for public safety
• Tests equipment for minimal safety design standards
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• Part of U.S. Department of Labor
• Responsible for worker safety
• Conducts on-site inspections
• Authority to inspect and fine industries that do not meet safety standards
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Conductor Voltage Drop
• NEC’s maximum voltage drop standard for branch circuits
• A 3% voltage drop is the maximum permissible
• CMA: area in cmils• K: material constant• I: amperage• L: length of wire• VD: voltage drop
VD
LIKCMA
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Review
What are conductors?
Pathways that allow current to flow through an electrical circuit
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Review
What are four materials of which conductors are typically made?
Copper, silver, aluminum, and brass
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Review
What is the unit used to measure conductance?
The siemens
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Review
What unit is used to measure conductor sizes?
Circular mils (cmils)
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Review
What materials do not conduct electrons well?
Insulators
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Review
What is ambient temperature?
Temperature of material surrounding the conductor, such as air, water, or soil
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Review
What organization produces the National Electrical Code?
National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)
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Review
What organization inspects equipment to award its seal of approval?
Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
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Special Conductor Pathways
• Breadboards
• Printed circuit boards (PCBs)
• Chassis
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Breadboards
• Provide an easy system for constructing circuits quickly
• Copper strips beneath the holes are conductor pathways
• Proto boards
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Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)
• Strips of conductor material attached to an insulated board
• Components are soldered to conductive strips
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Construction of PCBs
• Copper foil used as conductor material
• Resist material put on copper foil for circuit design
• Etchant removes all of copper but circuit design
• Photographic process uses light exposure and solvent to make circuit design
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Chassis
• Older way of mounting components
• Part of the circuitry• Not commonly used
as a conductor, but still used in cars
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Review
What is a breadboard?
A pathway that consists of a series of holes aligned in rows across the entire surface of an insulation material
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Review
What is made from a thin layer of conductor material, cut into strips, and attached to an insulated board?
Printed circuit board (PCB)
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Common Circuit Devices
• Switches
• Connectors
• Circuit protection devices
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Switches
• Controlled by actuators
• Single-pole single-throw (SPST)
• Single-pole double-throw (SPDT)
• Double-pole double-throw (DPDT)
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Switch Ratings
• Ampacity rating
• Voltage rating
• Exceeding ratings causes switch to fail
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Connectors
• Vary by type or size of conductors• Solderless connectors are common
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Connectors (Cont.)
• Mechanical connection to larger conductors
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Circuit Protection Devices
• Fuses
• Circuit breakers
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Fuses
• Time required to melt fuse link is inversely proportional to amount of overload
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Circuit Breakers
• Resets• Tripping methods
– Bimetallic strips– Magnetism
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Review
How are switches controlled?
By actuators
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Review
What is the simplest type of switch?
Single-pole single-throw (SPST)
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Review
What are some common actuators?
Slide, toggle, rotary, and push button
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Review
What kind of switch has two common connection points and can provide two circuit paths simultaneously?
Double-pole double-throw (DPDT)
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Review
What are two types of switch ratings?
Ampacity and voltage
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Review
What are two common circuit protection devices?
Fuses and circuit breakers
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Review
What is another name for a circuit breaker?
A reset
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Lighting
• Types of lighting systems– Incandescent lamps– Discharge lamps
• Measured in lumens
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Incandescent Lamps
• Developed by Thomas Edison• Tungsten filament produces light• Halogen lamps
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Halogen Lamps
• Tungsten filaments produce light
• Halogen gas makes filament last longer
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Discharge Lamps
• Light produced by energizing gases
• Types:– Fluorescent lamps– Compact fluorescent lamps– Mercury vapor lamps– Neon lamps– Glow lamps– Strobe lamps
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Fluorescent Lamps
• Filament or electrode• Air removed from tube• Tube filled with inert
gas and mercury• Mercury vaporized by
heat• Ballast in tube limits
current
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Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
• Special fluorescent lamps that can replace incandescent lamps
• Lower wattage than incandescent lamps
• Less heat given off than incandescent lamps
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Mercury Vapor Lamps
• Two electrodes in an arc tube
• Mercury and argon gas
• Heat from electrodes vaporizes mercury
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Neon Lamps
• Two electrodes in a long glass tube
• Shaped for various applications
• Tube filled with neon gas
• High voltage to create current
• Other gases can be used for different colors
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Glow Lamps
• Similar to neon lamps
• Two electrodes in a short tube
• Tube filled with neon or argon
• Lower voltages than neon lamps
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Strobe Lamps
• Various sizes of glass tubes
• Discharge of high dc voltage through tube
• Exciters help produce electrical arc
• Can generate 50,000 watts
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Lumens
• Lumens per watt (lpw)
• Light ratings– Candelas– Lumens
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Review
What type of lamp is a halogen lamp?
Incandescent lamp
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Review
What category of lamps are fluorescent, neon, and mercury?
Discharge lamps
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Review
What component in a fluorescent lamp limits current through the tube?
A ballast
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What kind of lamp has two electrodes in an arc tube that help vaporize the gas?
Mercury lamp
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How are different colors achieved in a neon lamp?
Different gases are used
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How are electrical arcs produced in a strobe lamp?
Exciters
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Resistors
• Many shapes and sizes
• Various values of material’s wattage rating
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Types of Resistors
• Molded composition resistors• Film resistors, or surface-mounted resistors (SMRs)• Wire wound resistors• Adjustable resistors
– A sliding tap allows the resistance to be varied
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Potentiometers
• Rotary knob varies resistance
• Found in electronic projects
• Similar to wire wound resistors
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Thermistors
• Change resistance with temperature
• Prevent high current values
• Example: blow dryer
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Resistor Color Code
• Three to five color bands• Bands represent different values• Fourth band represents tolerance
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Review
What is the resistor’s ability to safely dissipate heat?
Wattage rating
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Review
What are film resistors also called?
Surface-mounted resistors (SMRs)
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Review
What kind of resistors have a sliding tap?
Adjustable resistors
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Review
What type of variable resistor is similar to a wire wound resistor?
A potentiometer
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Review
What is a thermistor?
A special type of resistor that can change resistance values as its temperature changes
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Review
What is a tolerance?
The precision to which a value can vary
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For Discussion
• What items other than an automobile could use a chassis as a conductor?
• Discuss why a good understanding of the relationship among conductors, insulators, and semiconductors is important.