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Chapter 3Physical & Chemical Changes
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Properties of Matter
• Physical Properties are characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance.– Ex. Wood is wood whether it is in a house, a
toothpick or a baseball bat.
• Physical Properties that you already learned about:– Mass– Volume– Density– Weight– Also, color, texture, hardness, shape, etc.
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Section 1 - Another Important Physical Property of Matter that we need to
study is the…•Phases of Matter• There are 4 phases of matter:
– Solid– Liquid– Gas– Plasma
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Section 1 - Solids
• Have a definite shape and a definite volume
• Particles (molecules) are packed very close together so no movement can occur except vibrations.
• 2 types– Crystalline solids have particles arranged in
regular repeating patterns, ex table salt, quartz– Amorphous solids have particles that aren’t
arranged in a rigid way, so they can flow slowly, ex – candle wax, silicone rubber.
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Section 1 - Liquids
• Do not have definite shape, but do have a definite volume
• Particles are close together, but not as close together as a solid.
• The particles can move past one another, thus allowing it to flow.
• They take the shape of the container they are in.
• One important Property of liquids is viscosity– Viscosity – the resistance of a liquid to flow;
ex honey has a higher viscosity than water.
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Section 1 - Gases
•Do not have definite shapes or volumes.
•Particles are very far apart and move very freely.
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Section 1 - Plasma
• Extremely high in energy and temperature.
• Matter becomes so hot that the electrons separate from the nucleus.
• Plasma is rare on earth (ex. lightning & parts of flames), but is the most common form of matter in the universe because….
• Stars are made of plasma and stars are quite common.• NOTE: Plasma TV’s ARE NOT made of
Plasma!!!!
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Section 1 – More About Gases
• 2 scientists studied how gases behave in relation to pressure and temperature.
• Boyle’s Law – pressure & volume are inversely (indirectly) related– The higher the pressure, the lower the
volume.– The lower the pressure, the higher the volume
• Charles’ Law – temperature & volume are directly related– The higher the temperature, the higher the
volume– The lower the temperature, the lower the
volume
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Section 1 – Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law – pressure & volume are inversely (indirectly) related
P1 = V2P2 V1
• Charles’ Law – temperature & volume are directly related
V1 = V2T1 T2
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• If 50 mL of oxygen gas is compressed from 20 atm of pressure to 40 atm of pressure, what is the new volume? (assume constant temp)
GIVEN:
V1 = 50 mL
V2=?
P1 = 20 atm
P2 = 40 atm
WORK:P1 = V2P2 V120 atm = V240 atm 50 mL1000 atm mL = 40 atm (V2) 40 atm 40 atmV2 = 25 mL
Section 1 – Using the Gas Laws
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• A gas occupies a volume of 100 mL at 300° C. At what temperature will the gas have a volume of 200 mL?
GIVEN:
V1 = 100 mL
V2= 200 mL
T1 = 300° C
T2 = ?
WORK:V1 = V2T1 T2100 mL = 200 mL300° C T2100 mL (T2) = 60,000° C mL 100 mL 100 mLT2 = 600° C
Section 1 - Using the Gas Laws
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Section 2 - Phase Changes
• Phase changes are caused by adding or taking away thermal energy
• Thermal energy is fancy schmancy word for HEAT!!!!!!
• Phase changes of matter are called:– Melting– Freezing– Vaporization– Condensation– Sublimation
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Section 2 - Phase Changes cont’d
• Phase changes are Physical Changes• This is because the substance is
changes its form, but it is not changing the kind of substance it is chemically.– Ex – water (H2O) is still water whether it
is in an ice cube, liquid water or water vapor)
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Section 2 - Solid – Liquid Phase Changes
• Melting - Solid to Liquid– Melting point – temperature at which
a substance will melt
• Freezing – Liquid to Solid– Freezing Point – temperature at which
a substance will freeze.
• The melting point of a substance is the same temperature as its freezing point!!
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Section 2 - Liquid - GasPhase Changes
•Vaporization – Liquid to Gas•2 kinds:
–Evaporation – Liquid to Gas only at the surface of liquid
–Boiling – Liquid to Gas in the entire liquid•Temperature at which a substance boils is the boiling point
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Section 2 - Gas - LiquidPhase Changes
•Condensation – Gas to Liquid–The gas molecules lose thermal energy (heat) and slow down. Then, as they come together, they join to form a liquid.
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Section 2 - Solid - GasPhase Changes
•Sublimation – Solid directly to Gas –Examples
•Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) changes directly into a gas
•Moth balls
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As you move to the right, is heat being added to or given off by
the substance?
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As you move to the right, what is happening to the space between the molecules?
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As you move to the left, is heat being added to or given off by
the substance?
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As you move to the left, what is happening to the space between the molecules?
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What temperature is this if this substance is water?
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What temperature is this if this substance is water?
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Let’s Review for a Moment…
•Phase of matter, color, shape, hardness, mass, volume, density were all what kind of properties of matter?
•PHYSICAL PROPERTIES!!! Right……
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Section 3 - Physical Properties - Definition
•Physical Properties – properties of matter that can be observed using the senses without changing the identity of a substance.
•What kind of property would describe a change of matter into another substance?
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Section 3 - Chemical Properties and Changes
• Chemical Properties – the properties that describe the ability of a substance to change into a different substance.–Flammability – the ability to burn
•Ex wood is flammable–Supporting burning – the ability of a substance to be used during burning.•Ex – oxygen is needed for wood to burn but the oxygen itself doesn’t burn.
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Section 3 - Chemical Properties and Changes
•Chemical changes (aka chemical reaction) – the process by which a substance changes into another substance by chemical means.–Ex: cars rusting, wood burning, yeast changing sugar into gas in bread, cheese aging, leaves changing color…
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Classify the following as either a physical or chemical change….
• An ice cube cracking• Carving a piece of marble into a statue• Burning wood• Wax melting• Sugar dissolving in tea or coffee• Pop rocks releasing carbon dioxide into
your mouth• Leaves changing colors in the fall