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Chapter 30
Island Southeast Asia
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Section 1 Objectives
• What landforms are found in island Southeast Asia, and what are some physical processes that have shaped them?
• What climates, biomes, and natural resources does the region have?
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6 Countries – 20,000 Islands
• Brunei
• East Timor
• Indonesia
• Malaysia
• Philippines
• Singapore
• All these Islands make up the Malay Archipelago.
• New Guinea is the 2nd largest Island in the world, and Borneo is the 3rd.
• Singapore benefits greatly from the Straight of Malacca. This offers many trade opportunities.
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Map
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Tectonic Forces
• This is one of the most geologically active areas in the world.
• There are several plate boundaries here, which causes a lot of earthquakes and volcanoes.
• Many deep ocean volcanoes formed these islands.
• Underwater earthquakes are common, causing huge tsunamis.
• December 26th, 2004 an Earthquake near the Indonesian island of Sumatra displaced a huge amount of water. The tsunami killed 230,000 people.
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Mount Pinatubo
• A volcano on the island of Luzon in the Phillippines erupted violently in 1991.
• It was the largest eruption anywhere in the last 50 years.
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Climates and Species
• Much of the region here has a tropical humid climate.
• Some of the islands have relatively high mountains(16000 ft), and here there is relief from the constant heat of lower elevations.
• The Phillipines lie right in the path of typhoons that bring heavy rain and dangerous winds.
• Tropical climates support tropical rainforests.
• Thick Mangrove forests grow in coastal areas.
• Mangroves are trees or shrubs that have exposed roots. • Many species of birds,
fish, and other marine life use the exposed roots as their habitat.
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Mangroves/SpeciesEndemic Species to Southeast Asia---
There is a huge variety of unique species in this region
Oragutan, gibbon, red kangaroo, javan rhinoceros, wombat, bird of paradise, komodo dragon.
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Komodo Dragon
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Resources
• The rain forests contain Southeast Asia’s most valuable resources.
• There are also many good fisheries, and very valuable volcanic soils that are good for farming.
• Rubber tree plantations are very important in Malaysia and Indonesia.
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Section 2 Objectives
• Identify the early peoples who migrated to the region
• Analyze how colonialism affected island Southeast Asia’s history
• Describe what the region’s people and culture are like today
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Early History
• Human remains in the Phillipines date back more than 30,000 years.
• Hindu’s from what is currently India heavily influenced the area. (700 A.D)
• Chinese merchants sailed to the islands and began to settle in coastal cities.
• By the 1300’s, Arabs from Southwest Asia were also trading in the region.
• They introduced Islam to the coastal merchants, and it eventually spread.
• Islam is the main religion in the islands of Southeast Asia
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Colonial Era
• Just as we have seen in most other parts of the world, the Europeans controlled parts of Southeast Asia starting in the 1500’s.
• Portuguese were the first to arrive• Searching for spices such as
nutmeg, cloves, and pepper
• Thus, these islands became known as the Spice Islands.
• 1600’s -1700’s the Dutch drove out the Portuguese
• Portugal lost all of their lands except for the island of Timor.
• Spanish explorer, Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippines (Named for King Phillip II of Spain)
• Still today the islands are largely Roman Catholic, which was the religion brought by the Spaniards.
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Colonial Era
• The Dutch were not interested in religious convert, but more interested in commerce.
• They controlled the Spice and Tea trade on what we now know as Indonesia.
• The British set up a major port for trading with china in Singapore.
• Japan forces Europeans out of much of the Area, but eventually have to retreat after losing in WWII.
• The Euros try to re-establish dominance, but the locals resist and gain independence.
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Culture
• Very diverse population that was created from the regions history of migration and colonization.
• Each country has one or more official languages.
• Singapore has 4 official languages.
• The Philippines were the first U.S territory overseas.
• The Philippines have 2 official languages.(Pilipino and English)
• Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam are all prominent religions in the region.
• In the Philippines, Christians make up more than 90% of the population. (remember the Spanish influence)
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Growing Rice
• Farmers grow rice 3 ways – often on terraces
• Paddy (wet-rice) is the most productive and common- farmers allow for controlled flooded on the fields
• Dry Rice cultivation-farmers plow fields and plant seeds.
• Slash and Burn agriculture – burn forests for soil nutrients and eventually the soil is exhausted so they move and do it again.
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Section 3 Objectives
• How has island Southeast Asia’s economy changed in recent decades?
• What are the cities of the region like?
• What challenges do the people of the region face?
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Economic Development
• Most countries have free market economies
• There has also been a lot of foreign investment.
• Singapore and Malyasia saw huge economic growth in 1990’s.
• Singapore’s GDP per capita is one of the highest in the world.
• Agriculturally, the region is very unique which has allowed them to sell exports at high prices.
• Coffee, Fruit, Sugarcane, Tea
• Rubber Trees – Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand are the worlds leading producers of rubber.
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Urban EnvironmentsLarge capital cities
• Indonesia
• Phillippines
• Singapore
• Brunei
• Malaysia
• East Timor
• Jakarta
• Manilla
• Singapore
• Bandar Seri Begawan
• Kuala Lumpur (Muddy Estuary)
• Dili
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Kuala Lumpur
• The city gets its name from a Malay phrase meaning “Muddy Estuary”
• The city lies near the mouth of a river on the Malay Peninsula.
• Soaring 1,483 feet into the air, the Petronas Towers were ranked as the tallest buildings in the world after they were completed in 1998.
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Singapore
• Singapore has grown from a small port in the 1800’s to a densely populated high tech city.
• Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island, widely known as Singapore Island but also known as Pulau Ujong.
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Issues and Challenges
• The rapid growth of cities is a huge problem
• Trying to protect personal freedoms and political freedoms.
• Much fighting in the region as countries try to gain independence.
• The 2002 Bali Bombing-