![Page 1: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 36Chapter 36The Integumentary, Skeletal, The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System& Muscular System
John HiznyLexi CoolbaughSarah SchultzJames AveryAdam Werner
![Page 2: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Section 36-1Section 36-1
![Page 3: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SkinLargest organ in the body Part of integumentary system Integumentary includes skin, hair, nails, and number of important glands in skin.
Skin has three layers1.1. Outer layer - Outer layer - Epidermis2.2. Inner Layer -Inner Layer -Dermis3.3. Lowest Layer - Lowest Layer - Hypodermis
![Page 4: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Supports the EpidermisContains important cells for:
Nerve endingsBlood VesselsSmooth Muscle
The body’s Sweat/Oil Glands are located here also
![Page 5: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Produces cells that are pushed toward the surface. Produces keratin as they move upward.
Keratin – Tough, flexible protein◦Major protein found in fingernails ◦Forms a tough waterproof layer on
top of skin
![Page 6: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
•Hair is produced from columns of cells that are filled with keratin and then…. DIEDIE.•Clusters of cells make up Hair Hair FolliclesFollicles.•Toenails/fingernails are formed by keratin-forming cells for a flattened flattened plate.plate.
![Page 7: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Section 36-2Section 36-2
![Page 8: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BonesBonesAll vertebrates have an internal
skeletal systemBones store supplies of calcium and
phosphorousInternal Skeletal System
◦ Provides support for the upper body◦ Attachment sites for muscles◦ Protects internal organs
![Page 9: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Bone StructureBone StructurePeriosteum- tough layer
surrounding bonesInside the periosteum is a dense
layer of compact bone.Spongy bone is found inside the
compact bone.Osteocytes- Cells found in C & S
bone.◦Help build and maintain bones
![Page 10: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bone GrowthBone GrowthBones are produced by Cartilage.
Cartilage is produced at growth plates & gradually is replaced by bone as the skeleton enlarges.
![Page 11: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
JointsJointsA place where two bones meet.3 kinds of joints:
◦Fixed Little or no movement between bones
Mostly located in the skull
◦Slightly Moveable Small amount of movement
Mostly located in a Spinal Column or Ribs
◦Freely Moveable Wide Range of movement
Ex: Shoulders and hips
![Page 12: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Joints ContinuedJoints ContinuedJoints are enclosed by a Joint
Capsule. Inside the capsule is Synovial
Fluid◦Natural lubricant that reduces
friction & allows the cartilage coated bones slip past each other easily
![Page 13: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Section 36-3Section 36-3
![Page 14: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Muscle TissueMuscle TissueThere are 3 types of muscle
tissue:◦Skeletal◦Cardiac◦Smooth
Each of these three types muscle, have a different cellular structure.
![Page 15: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Skeletal Muscle TissueSkeletal Muscle TissueGenerally attached to the bones
of the skeleton and is usually under voluntary control.
Skeletal muscle tissue is behind every conscious movement you make◦Ex: Lifting a weight
This is because most skeletal muscle tissue is controlled directly by the nervous system.
![Page 16: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cardiac Muscle TissueCardiac Muscle TissueCardiac muscle tissue is found in
just one place : The HeartCardiac muscle tissue is striated,
but the smaller Cardiac muscle cell have just one nucleus, and they are not under the direct control of the Central Nervous System
![Page 17: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Smooth Muscle TissueSmooth Muscle TissueSmooth muscle tissue is found in the
walls of many internal organs, except the heart.
The cells of the smooth muscle tissue are spindle shaped, have a single nucleus, and are not striated.
Not always under the conscious control of the nervous system.
Responsible for actions not under voluntary control.
![Page 18: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Muscle StructureMuscle StructureMyosin- Thick filaments that are
made of protein.Actin- Thin filaments that are
made up of another protein.
![Page 19: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sliding Filament Theory Sliding Filament Theory When hundreds of thousands of
actin-myosin cross-bridges go through their cycle in a fraction of a second, the muscle cell contracts with siderable force.
![Page 20: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Muscle ContractionMuscle ContractionTo make well-coordinated
movement, muscle contractions must be carefully controlled.
A single motor neuron may form synapse to one or several muscle cells. An impulse in the motor neuron causes the release of a neurotransmitter acetylcholine.◦This causes a new action potential. In
turn causes the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm of muscle cells. When calcium flows into the cytoplasm,
cross-bridges form, and the muscle contracts.
![Page 21: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Muscles and MovementsMuscles and MovementsMuscles produce force by contracting.Attached to bones by tendons, a
muscle can pull two bones together, using the joint between them as a lever.
An individual muscle can pull by contracting, but cannot push.◦If that’s true, then how can you push a
door open or do a pushup? The answer is that skeletal muscles are
arranged in pairs. These pairs oppose each other and produce forceful movements in either direction.
![Page 22: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Section 36-4Section 36-4
![Page 23: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Specialized Skeletal Muscle Specialized Skeletal Muscle FibersFibersSkeletal muscles contain two
main types of muscle fibers◦RedRed◦WhiteWhite
Whose properties make them specialists at different kids of exercise.
![Page 24: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Red Muscle FibersRed Muscle FibersContain large amounts of reddish
oxygen-storing protein myoglobinmyoglobin.
Red fibers have rich blood supplies and plenty of mitochondria to produce ATP.
![Page 25: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
White Muscle FibersWhite Muscle FibersCalled fast- twitch muscle fibers and
can generate powerful contractions.The contain few mitochondria ,
these fibers contain greater densities of contractile proteins than red fibers do.◦The powerful fibers fatigue easily,
however, which means that they can produce maximum contractions for only a few seconds at a time.
![Page 26: Chapter 36 The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System John Hizny Lexi Coolbaugh Sarah Schultz James Avery Adam Werner](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649eb55503460f94bbdb41/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Exercise Muscle CellsExercise Muscle Cells