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Chapter 4 Carbon and the
Molecular Diversity of Life
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Organic Chemistry The study of carbon
compounds.
Urea
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Carbon’s versatility Forms 4 covalent bonds. Molecular shape is
tetrahedral.
Bonds easily to itself.
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Major Elements Of Organic Molecules
Carbon: +4 or -4 Hydrogen: +1 Oxygen: -2 Nitrogen: -3
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The valences are the “rules” for building organic molecules.
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Hydrocarbons Organic molecules made of
only carbon and hydrogen.
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Examples
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Isomers Compounds with the same
molecular formula but have different structures.
Result: Different molecular and chemical properties.
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Types Of Isomers
1. Structural2. Geometric3. Enantiomers
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Structural Isomers Different in covalent
arrangements of their atoms.
Butane Isobutane
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Geometric Isomers Same covalent partnership
but differ in spatial arrangements.
Arise from the inflexibility of double bonds.
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Enantiomers Molecules that are mirror
images of each other. Usually involve an
asymmetric carbon.
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Comment Organisms are sensitive to
even the most subtle variations in molecular architecture.
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Example - Thalidomide Cells can distinguish between
two isomers. One is an effective drug. The other causes birth
defects.
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Functional Groups A group of atoms attached to
a carbon skeleton. Have consistent properties. Their number and kind give
properties to the molecule.
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Importance of Functional Groups
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What to focus on: Structure of the functional
group Properties of the functional
group Examples of molecules with
the functional group
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Aldehydes A carbonyl group at the end of a
carbon skeleton. Ex. - C=O
| H Sometimes written as - CHO
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Ketones A carbonyl group in the
middle of a carbon chain. Ex. -C-C-C- || 0
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Carboxylic Acids Donate H+ (acid). Form many weak organic
acids.
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Summary Be able to recognize isomers. Know the seven functional
groups and what properties they give to molecules.